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Fig. 5 | Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Fig. 5

From: Immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus by adjuvant-free Schistosoma japonicum-egg tip-loaded asymmetric microneedle patch (STAMP)

Fig. 5

Flow cytometry, qRT-PCR and ELISA analysis for immune response in each group. A Schematic diagram of blood (red) and spleen (blue) collection. B Gating strategy to identify lymphocytes, single cells, live cells, T cells (CD3+), Th cells (CD3+CD4+), Th1 cells (CD3+CD4+IFN-γ+), and Th2 cells (CD3+CD4+IL-4+) in flow cytometry test. C Representative flow cytometry plots, showing the percentage of Th1 cells and Th2 cells among splenocytes of the five groups. D Statical analysis of fluorescence activating cell sorter (FACS) results. Results were shown as mean ± S.D. and represented three separate experiments (n = 6). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns means no significant. E T-bet and Gata-3 mRNA expression examined by qRT-PCR using splenocytes collected on d42 after the first treatment. Data were presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3) **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, ns meant no significance, compared with the data in the MN T1DM group. F Cytokine concentration of Th1 (IFN-γ and IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5) detected by ELISA. The first row showed the cytokine levels on d14, while the second row was the cytokine levels on d35. Data were presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3). **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, compared with the mice in the MN T1DM group (two-tailed Student’s t-test)

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