Nanocarrier | Target site / Type | Load | Formulation | Model | Role | Potential Application | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liposome | TLR7/8 | Resiquimod | Hydrogenated (soy) L-a-phosphatidylcholine, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) (DOPG), cholesterol and D-a-tocopherol | Murine | Immunomodulatory drug | Visceral L. donovani infection | [224] |
TLR3, TLR9 | Poly I:C and noncoding plasmid DNA (pDNA) | Cationic liposome; 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium propane | Kitten | Immunomodulatory drug | Feline herpesvirus-1 infection | [225] | |
TLR3, TLR9 | Poly I:C and pDNA | LTC; Cationic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl- 3-trimentylammonium-propane (DOTAP) and cholesterol | Cat | Immunomodulatory drug | Bacterial respiratory tract infections in cat | [227] | |
TLR3, TLR9 | Poly I:C and pDNA | LTC; cationic lipid DOTAP and cholesterol | Dog | Immunomodulatory drug | Viral and bacterial infections in dog | [228] | |
TLR1/2, TLR9 | Pam3CysSK4 (PMA) and CpGs | DOTAP and cholesterol | Mice | Vaccine adjuvant | / | [232] | |
STING | cdGMP | PEGlyated liposome; 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), DOPG, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), DSPE-PEG | Mice | Vaccine adjuvant | HIV-1 | [271] | |
STING | cGAMP | Pulmonary surfactant-biomimetic liposomes; 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn- glycero-3-phospho-(1'-rac-glycerol) (DPPG), DPPE-PEG, cholesterol | Mice and ferrets | Vaccine adjuvant | H1N1 | [244] | |
IDR | Nisin Z | Phosphatidylcholine (PC), PC-cholesterol, and PC–phosphatidylglycerol (PG)–cholesterol | In vitro | Immunomodulatory drug | Listeria monocytogenes | [247] | |
IDR | Polymyxin B | DPPC and cholesterol or 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and cholesterol | In vitro | Immunomodulatory drug | Gram negative bacterial strains | [249] | |
IDR | LL-37 | 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), DSPE-mPEG2000 and cholesterol | 3D epidermis model | Immunomodulatory drug | HSV | [250] | |
Polymersome | TLR8 | CL075 (a synthetic imidazoquinoline) | Poly (ethylene glycol)-bl-poly(propylene sulfide) (PEG-bl-PPS) | Neonatal mice | Vaccine adjuvant | Vaccine delivery system for human neonatal vaccines against infections e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis | [236] |
Micelle | STING | cGAMP | PEG-b-PR copolymer | Clinical | Vaccine adjuvant | Avian and swine influenza | [242] |
IDR | DP7-C | A modified DP7 (an active IDR) with cholesterol to form an amphiphilic conjugate | Zebrafish and mice | Immunomodulatory drug | Bacterial infection | [252] | |
Lipid nanoparticle | TLR7 | mRNA | An ionizable lipid, a phospholipid, a sterol, and a lipid-anchored PEG | Clinical | Vaccine adjuvant | SARS-CoV-2 | [235] |
Polymeric nanoparticle | TLR4; TLR1/2; TLR9; NOD2 | LPS; PAM; CpG DNA, MDP | N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles | Mice | Vaccine adjuvant | / | [233] |
TLR, macrophage polarization | siERN1 | Nanoparticles synthesized using folic acid, PEG, PEI, PBAA, a cell-penetrating peptide | Mice | Immunomodulatory drug | Collagen-induced arthritis and LPS-induced over-inflammation | [230] | |
TLR | / | PLGA, PLA nanoparticles | Mice | Inherent immunomodulatory effect of nanoparticles | Sepsis | [231] | |
TLR4, TLR7 | MPL, R837 | PLGA nanoparticles | Mice, rhesus macaque | Vaccine adjuvant | H1N1 | [234] | |
NOD1, NOD2 | CL235 [tetradecanoyl-δ-D-glutamyl-L)-meso- lanthionyl-(D)-alanine]…, CL365 [6-O-stearoyl-N-glycolyl-Murabutide]… | Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA) nanoparticle coating with HIV-1 Gag p24 antigen | Mice | Vaccine adjuvant | Safe and efficient vaccine for infectious diseases | [237] | |
NOD1 | iE-DAP | Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) nanoparticle | In vitro | Vaccine adjuvant | Potential for being used in the defense against infections | [238] | |
NOD2 and TLR4 agonists | monophosphoryl lipid A, muramyl dipeptide | PLGA nanoparticle | Mice | Vaccine adjuvant | Influenza infection | [239] | |
Immunostimulation of macrophage | Amphotericin B | PLGA nanoparticle | In vitro | Immunomodulatory drug | Visceral leishmaniasis | [258] | |
Immunostimulation of macrophage | Rifampicin | PLGA nanoparticle | In vitro | Immunomodulatory drug | anti-tubercular | [259] | |
Immunostimulation of macrophage | Curcumin | Mannosylated chitosan nanoparticle | Rat | Immunomodulatory drug | Visceral leishmaniasis | [262] | |
Immunostimulation of macrophage | AHP | PEI-modified PLGA nanoparticles | Mice | Immunomodulatory drug | H5N1 | [268] | |
Macrophage polarization | ITA | Polyester polymer-ITA biomimetic material | Mice | Immunomodulatory drug | Resolve infection-associated over-inflammation | [269] | |
Metallic nanoparticles | IDR | Esculentin-1a(1–21)NH2 | AuNPs | In vitro | Immunomodulatory drug | P. aeruginosa | [253] |
IDR | Cecropin-melittin | AuNPs | Mice | Immunomodulatory drug | Sepsis | [254] | |
IDR | Nisin | AuNPs | In vitro | Immunomodulatory drug | Multi-drug resistance and non-multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis | [255] | |
Dendrimer | TLR4 | Glucosamine | Polypropyletherimine dendrimer | Rhesus macaques | Immunomodulatory drug | Cytokine storm in severe bacterial diarrhea | [229] |