Fig. 1

Functionalization types and features of core magnetic nanoparticles. A Illustration of magnetic nanoparticles prepared with various shells. (Reproduced with permission from Wilczewska et al. [34]). B Illustration for the assembly of various MNP surface functionalization methods. SPION surface coating is achieved via several methods including in situ coating, surface adsorption and end grafting. (Reproduced with permission from Veiseh et al. [18])