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Table 1 Table summarizing the recent applications of functionalized MNPs in various biomedical applications with respective clinical trial identifiers, as appropriate

From: Emerging trends in the nanomedicine applications of functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as novel therapies for acute and chronic diseases

Magnetic nanoparticle

Functionalization

Application

Applicable model systems

Clinical trial ID

Ref#

In vitro

In vivo

Feredix

Dextran-coated SPION

Liver, spleen, bone marrow imaging

  

Discontinued (toxicity)

[30]

Magnablate

Iron nanoparticles

Thermal ablation

 

Prostate cancer

NCT02033447

[136]

Feraheme/ferumoxytol

Iron oxide-carboxymethyl dextran

Monitor response to bevacizumab therapy

 

Glioma

NCT00769093

[124, 135]

Iron oxide-carboxymethyl dextran

Localize lymph node metastases

 

Pancreatic cancer

NCT00920023

[124, 135]

Iron oxide-carboxymethyl dextran

Detect recent myocardial infarction

 

Myocardial infarction

NCT01995799

[124, 135]

Iron oxide-carboxymethyl dextran

Vascular imaging

 

Migraine

NCT02549898

[124, 135]

VEGF-165 peptide coupling

Cardiovascular imaging/VEGF delivery

HUVEC

  

[85]

Iron-oxide-semi-synthetic carbohydrate shell

Iron deficiency anemia, chronic kidney disease

 

i.v injection in patients

NCT00233597

[126]

Ferumoxide

Iron oxide-dextran

Labeling of inflammed cells

 

MRI imaging of patient forearm

NCT01169935

[88]

FIONs

PEG-phospholipid

Pancreatic islet graft imaging

 

Rat liver

 

[173]

Ferrotran® (Ferumoxtran-10)

Iron oxide-dextran

Prostrate cancer

 

Lymph node imaging

NCT04261777

[174]

(Gal-PEI-SPIO)

Galactose (Gal) and polyethylenimine (PEI)-modified MNP

siRNA duplexes targeting c-Met

Hepa1–6 cells

Hepatic tumor model in C57BL/6 mice

 

[175]

(ZnFe2O4-mSi)core nanoparticle

Magnetic zinc-doped iron oxide with mesoporous silica shell

let-7a microRNA + doxorubicin payload

Hela cells

Xenografted nude mice

 

[21]

Magnetic nanoparticle formulation (MNPF)

beta-Cyclodextrin and PEI coated iron oxide core

miR-145 delivery

HPAF-II, AsPC-1

  

[176]

MPEI-PEG-magnetic nanoparticles

PEI and PEG coated iron oxide core

miR-205 payload delivery

C4–2, PC-3 cells

  

[177]

Fe3O4-SPION

Folic acid (FA) + disulfide-(PEG)-conjugated (PEI) complexed

MRI, siRNA delivery in gastric cancer

SGC-7901

  

[178]

SPION

T40 dextran coated, epichlorohydrine stabilized

MRI of lymph node, liver, intestine

 

Pig model

 

[179]

PEI nanoparticle

Fe3O4-PEG-LAC-chitosan functionalized

Survivin-siRNA targeted delivery

MCF-7, K562 cells

  

[147, 180]

SPION

Gemcitabine (Gem)-loaded PLGA-PEG functionalized

Targeted drug delivery

MCF-7

  

[21]

Iron oxide NP

Chitosan coated, gemcitabine (Gem)-loaded

Targeted drug delivery

SKBR and MCF-7

  

[181]

SPIONs

Daunomycin-loaded

Targeted drug delivery

HeLa

  

[182]

PSMA targeted docetaxel-loaded

Targeted delivery

PC-3

  

[127]

Ferumoxide

Poly-l-lysine coated

Magnetic targeting in stroke

HB1.F3

Rat

 

[183]

Paramagnetic perfluorocarbon nanoparticle

Fumagillin loaded, rapamycin loaded, PEG-PEI-gadolinium: ETPA conjugated

αvβ3-integrin-targeted systemic delivery

 

Rabbit

 

[184, 185]

Rapamycin loaded, PEG-PEI-gadolinium: ETPA conjugated

avb3-targeted local catheter delivery

 

Rabbit

 

[185]

IONPs

Polyacrylic acid-co-maleic acid (PAM) coated

tPA delivery

HUVEC

Rats, human blood

 

[186,187,188]

Amine PEG coated with BSA/ATF protein surface conjugation

Urokinase delivery

PANC02

Mice

 

[189]

Streptavidin-coated

miRNA-141 detection

 

Human serum

 

[42, 190]

Streptavidin coated biotin labeled

miR-21 detection

LC–ESI–MS-MS-based

MCF-7

 

[191]

EDT coated and DOX loaded

miR-155

bEnd.3, MDCK-MDR, U251

  

[130]

Streptavidin-coated and HepB Ab conjugated

Electrochemical detection of HepB

Sandwich ELISA-based

  

[192]

Streptavidin-coated and biotinylated HIV-DNA probe conjugate

Viral detection

Electrical impedence based

  

[193]

Streptavidin-coated

miRNA detection (let-7b)

SEM, DLS based characterization

  

[194]

Fe3O4-virus-magnetic-MIPs (virus-MMIPs)

Green self-polymerization strategy using dopmaine imprinting

Hep A virus detection

CHO cells

Human serum sample

 

[195]

Fe3O4 NPs

PEI coated

Genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9

HEK-293 cells

  

[196]

Superparamagnetic particles

Tosyl group and Influenza protein coated

Viral detection by immunomagnetic assay

 

Saliva sample

 

[197]

Graphene oxide MNP

Carboxyl group

miR-122

Fluorescein-labeled HRP-CRET

  

[198]

Zinc ferrite (ZnFe)

Silica coated and amino (–NH2) modified with carboxylic polymers

SARS-CoV-2 RNA capture

Automated in vitro RNA extraction

  

[156]

BNF-80

Coated with protein A and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody

SARS-CoV-2 (virus) detection

Spectroscopy-based

  

[10]

Fe3O4 NPs

Amino (–NH2) modified and poly amino coated to generate poly-NH2-MNPs

SARS-CoV-2 RNA capture and detection

Spectroscopy and qPCR-based

Nasopharyngeal swab samples

 

[157]