Fig. 5

Effects of AA-MAR hydrogel on BMDMs. Real-time PCR of M1&M2 markers and inflammatory cyotokines a iNOS, b TNF-α, c Arg-1, and d CD163 expression of BMDMs after stimulated by PBS or AA-MAR for 0, 1, 3, and 4 days (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001, n = 5). e Photograph and quantification of S. aureus phagocytized by BMDMs after treatment with PBS, LPS, or AA + Laser. f The quantitative results of BMDMs. g Images of BMDMs cultured on transwells and stimulated by PBS, LPS, or AA + Laser. BMDMs were stained with DAPI. h Schematic illustration of morphology transformation of macrophage following the polarization process. i Morphological changes of BMDMs during differentiation after stimulated with AA-MAR + Laser on day 0, 1, and 4