Table 1 Classification of nanoparticles-based materials for delivery of relevant payloads to modulate macrophage phenotypes in the wound healing process

Drug-free inorganic nanomaterials induce macrophage polarization

 BGNPs

–

In vivo

Decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[116]

 BGNPs

–

In vivo

Macrophage proliferation and polarization toward M2 phenotype to facilitate wound closure and re-epithelialization in diabetic wounds

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[117]

 Gold-mesoporous BGNPs

–

In vivo

Decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[118]

 Ceria nanocrystals decorated MSNPs

–

In vivo

Reducing ROS, differentiation of monocytes to macrophages, and modulation of anti-inflammatory factors

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[119]

Drug-free organic nanomaterials induce macrophage polarization

 Nanofibrous scaffolds including copolymer of poly(lactide-co-caprolactone) and heart decellularized ECM

–

In vivo

Collagen deposition and decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[122]

 Thioether grafted hyaluronic acid nanofibrous

–

In vivo

Decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[123]

 Coaxial nanofibers of PLGA/fibrinogen and PLGA/collagen

–

In vivo

Promotion of the secretion of immunosuppressive factors as well as wound healing growth factors

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[124]

 α-Gal epitope nanoparticles

–

In vivo

Decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[125]

 Supramolecular peptide hydrogel nanoparticles

–

In vitro

Reduction of NO and decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[126]

 Amphiphilic galactomannan nanoparticles

–

In vivo

Decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[127]

Drug-free organic–inorganic hybrid nanomaterials induce macrophage polarization

 Metallic AgNPs–collagen/chitosan scaffold

–

In vivo

Promotion of the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[130]

 Magnesium particles embedded in electrospun PCL nanofibers

–

In vivo

Collagen deposition and decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[131]

 SiO₂ nanoparticles were modified by konjac glucomannan

–

In vivo

Collagen deposition and decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[132]

 AgNPs was decorated with zwitterionic poly(carboxybetaine-co-dopamine methacrylamide) copolymer

–

In vivo

Acceleration of the migration of fibroblast cells, factors for pro-inflammatory level increased as well as markers for macrophage activity

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[133]

 Inorganic/organic hybrid nanocomposites of silver/talc nanoparticles coated with chitosan

–

In vivo

Increasing vascularization and angiogenesis, collagen deposition and decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[134]

 Gold/perlite mesoporous nanocomposites coated with chitosan

–

In vivo

Decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[135]

 Magnesium-containing BGNPs incorporated with hyaluronic acid and quaternized chitosan hydrogels

–

In vivo

Increasing vascularization and angiogenesis, collagen deposition and decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[136]

Drug-loaded inorganic nanomaterials induce macrophage polarization

 AgNPs

Tannic acid

In vivo

Promotion of epithelialization, angiogenesis, and granulation tissue by increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[137]

 Super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

Heparin bonded fibroblast growth factor

In vivo

Controlled release of fibroblast growth factor. Granulation formation and collagen deposition due to the promotion of cell proliferation and M2 phenotype polarization

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[138]

 AuNPs

Snail mucus (Helix Aspersa)

In vitro

Reduction of LPS induced IL-6 and IL-1ꞵ cytokine levels and elimination of iNOS synthesis

Depletion of M1 phenotype

[139]

Drug-loaded organic nanomaterials induce macrophage polarization

 Silk nanofiber

Asiaticoside

In vivo

Regulation of inflammatory reaction and vascularization

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[140]

 Hyaluronic acid nanoparticles

miR-223

In vivo

Increasing anti-inflammatory gene and decreasing pro-inflammatory markers

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[141]

 Phenyl boronic acid-modified alginate nanocapsules

Amikacin and naproxen

In vivo

Decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[142]

 Membrane with nanotopography of dihydroxyterephthaldehyde and 5,10,15,20-(tetra-4-aminophenyl)porphyrin

Ibuprofen

In vivo

Reducing the inflammatory reaction of macrophages and increasing the proportion of M2 macrophages at the injury site

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[143]

 Phosphatidylserine-nanoliposomes

Apoptotic cell

In vivo

Increasing the related cytokines to M2 macrophages, expression of the vascular endothelial marker CD31and accelerate wound closure

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[144]

Drug-loaded organic–inorganic hybrid nanomaterials induce macrophage polarization

 MSNPs coated with collagen

Gentamicin and rifamycin

In vivo

Decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[147]

 Mesoporous silica coated AgNPs in poloxamer hydrogel

Gentamicin

In vivo

decreasing the related cytokines to M1 macrophages, expression of the marker CD86 and accelerate diabetic wound healing

Depletion of M1 phenotype

[148]

 MSNPs coated with cellulose acetate

Econazole nitrate and triamcinolone acetonide

In vivo

Decreasing the inflammatory cytokines and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines

Polarization of M1 to M2 phenotype

[149]