Fig. 5

Several delivery methods for mRNA. LNPs are produced by the self-assembly of an ionizable cationic lipid. Various NPs of these cationic lipids (include 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-trimethylammoniumpropane [DOTAP] or dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine [DOPE]) are prepared with subtle modifications (include cationic lipids + cholesterol NP, cationic lipids + cholesterol + PEG-LNP), where cholesterol and PEG-lipid are added to increase consistency. Other NP delivery systems include protamine (cationic peptide) nanoliposomes (sized approximately 100 nm), PEG-lipid functionalized dendrimer NPs (approximately 200 nm in size), positively charged oil-in-water (O/W) cationic nanoemulsion (approximately 120 nm in size), polyethyleneimine NP (approximately 100 − 300 nm in size), and cationic polymer (chitosan) NPs (approximately 300 − 600 nm in size)