Table 1 The function of several organic and inorganic nanoparticles in different viral infections

HSV-1

SLNs

These NPs used as a delivery systems for encapsulation of acyclovir. One dose acyclovir SLNs have demonstrated comparative effectiveness to the several-dose regimen of ordinary acyclovir

[69]

HIV-1

Vaults

Human vaults are barrel-formed NPs by external crusts organized of 78 copies of the MVP, which line up non-covalently C- to N-terminus to supply the general vault formation

[71]

EBOV

LNP- siVP35-3

LNP-delivered siRNA as a counteraction versus this greatly deathlike human infection

[55]

Influenza

TMC NPs

The isolated HA2 and NP recombinant proteins were encapsulated in TMC NPs to effectively inhibit this infection

[72]

HSV

Micelles

Soluplus micelles remarkably increased acyclovir solvability and tolerated dilution consistency assessments. These NPs significantly reduced the penetration delay time via the cornea

[60]

IVA

THCPSi

THCPSi leads to an increase in the SaliPhe solubility, a decrease the cytotoxicity, and a considerable decrease in viral infection

[92]

H1N1

PS-GAMP

PS-GAMP powerfully increased H1N1 vaccine-triggered humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte immune reactions in mice via mimicking the primary stage of disease without simultaneous extra inflammation

[56]

HCV

AuNPs

This delivery system with long-acting created a more successful and sensitive therapy method for viral infection

[80]

IAV

Multivalent peptide–polymer NPs

These NPs developed to suppressing the connection of the virus to the host cell glycocalyx

[165]

H1N1

PEGylated ZnO-NPs

Exposure of these NPs with virus and bare ZnO-NPs at the greatest non-toxic densities could be caused a decrease in virus titer

[166]

H3N2

AgNPs

The inhalation route used to inject AgNPs increases survival in H3N2-infected mice

[87]

H1N1

SeNPs

SeNPs inhibit lung damage in H1N1 infected mice and repress interactivity among virus and target cell

[94]

H1N1

IO-NPs

These NPs prevent the virus from connecting to target cells in vitro

[95]

KSHV/EBV

AgNPs

These NPs triggered greater cytotoxicity in KSHV/EBV-latently diseased cells via reactivating viral lytic reproduction, which is dependent on the generation of reactive ROS production and autophagy

[88]

HBV

Ferritin NP–preS1

This NP based preS1 vaccine shows an effective antibody reaction that is both inhibitory and remedial in HBV-infected mice

[167]

HSV-2

ZOTEN

This NPs capability to entrap the virus and improve the host immune reaction against infection, and subsequently inhibit reinfection

[93]

HSV

GAunps

This NPs inhibit virus binding and infusion in the Vero cells

[81]