Table 3 Some significant examples of NP-based vaccine candidates versus SARS-CoV-2
From: An overview on nanoparticle-based strategies to fight viral infections with a focus on COVID-19
NPs types | Developer | Study stage | Description | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
LNP | BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer | Approved in 141 countries and 70 clinical trials in 26 countries | The quick and greatly scalable mRNA are generating and LNP design procedures enable the fast generation of several vaccine dosages | [175] |
LNP | Moderna/NIAID | Approved in 85 countries and 56 clinical trials in 22 countries | Encapsulate mRNA vaccines in LNPs, may allow cytoplasmic transfer via fusogenic. It is possible that they used formulations of ionizable lipid, DSPC, cholesterol, and polyethylene glycol-lipid | |
LNP | Fudan University/Shanghai Jointing, University/RNAcare, Biopharma | Animal experiments | LNP‐entrapped mRNA cocktail encoding VLP | [146] |
Lipid-based | Park, et al | Animal experiments | NVP co-encapsulated with antigens and monophosphoryl lipid A was readily taken up via DCs and increased DC maturation and antigen offer | [135] |
Ferritin-based VLP | Ma et al | Animal experiments | RBD and RBD-HR NPs vaccines induce more powerful NAb reactions and T lymphocyte immune reactions than monomers | [139] |
Mesoporous silica NPs | N4 Pharma Plc | Cellular studies | Nuvec® carrying nucleic acids have irregular surfaces functionalized with polyethyleneimine, and may be beneficial in the race to develop a COVID-19 vaccine | [140] |
AuNPs | Sekimukai, et al | Animal experiments | AuNPs, which are expected to act as an antigen delivery systems and an adjuvant in immunization, and TLR agonists, which have formerly been shown to be an efficient adjuvant in an ultraviolet‐inactivated SARS‐CoV-2 vaccine | [180] |
Recombinant NP | Novavax | Approved in 36 countries and 15 clinical trials in 12 countries | NVX-CoV2373 is a recombinant NP vaccine created from the full-length, wild-type COVID-19 virus S protein. It is joined with a saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant to increasing the immune reaction and generating great amounts of NAbs, which are fundamental in inhibiting the disease | [142] |
1c-SApNP | Ufovax | Phase I clinical trial | Automatic-mount protein NPs vaccine method (1c-SApNP) prototype offerings sections of COVID-19 virus proteins that protrude from a scaffold of protein NPs, targeting to incite the immune reaction and incite the creation of antibodies to inhibit COVID-19 | [149] |