Table 3 Nanomicelles and nanoemulsions used to overcome cancer MDR

Nanomicelles

1

TAT-TPGS-PEG-b-P(ALA) nanomicelles

Doxorubicin

Human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells)

Inhibition of P-gp efflux pump and intracellular drug retention and enhanced cytotoxicity

[303]

2

Folic acid conjugated P(OEGMA300)-st-P(HEMA-g-LA) nanomicelles

Doxorubicin

Human cervical cancer (HeLa cells)

Enhanced intracellular drug accumulation and tumor microenvironment-triggered drug release and cytotoxicity

[304]

3

Polycarbonate based NO nanomicelles

Doxorubicin

Human breast cancer (MCF-7/DOX^R cells)

Nitric oxide-mediated P-gp inhibition, intracellular drug accumulation and cytotoxicity

[305]

4

Nitrate functionalized TPGS nanomicelles

Doxorubicin, adjudin and nitric oxide

Human breast cancer (MCF-7/ADR cells), murine mammary carcinoma (4T1 cells) and BALB/c mice

Controlled drug release, enhanced cytotoxicity, P-gp inhibition, reduction in tumor growth and reversal of MDR

[306]

5

Poly (β-amino ester) polymer-based nanomicells

Doxorubicin

Human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells)

Inhibition of P-gp efflux pump by polymer, lysosomal escape and intracellular drug retention

[307]

6

FA-Chitosan coated nanomicelles

siRNA and Doxorubicin

Murine breast cancer (4T1, 4T1/MDR cells) and 4T1/MDR xenograft mice

Elevated intracellular drug accumulation and downregulation of MDR1 gene for the suppression of tumor growth

[308]

7

Thermosensitive Hydrogel

Doxorubicin and Docetaxel

Murine CT-26 cell line and CT-26 xenograft mice model

Sustained drug release and enhanced retention and antitumor activity with minimized inherent side effects in mice

[309]

8

Lysine linked d-α-TPGS2000 succinate (PLV_2K) nanomicelles

Doxorubicin

Human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2 cells)

Elevated intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin by uncompetitive P-gp ATP base inhibition

[310]

9

Polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene micelles (Soluplus®)

Doxorubicin

Human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MCF-7/DOX cells) and nude BALB/c mice

Inhibition pf P-gp drug efflux and alteration in membrane fluidity further enhance the intracellular drug retention and associated toxicity with antitumor activity

[311]

10

PEG-PE/VitaminE nanoemulsion

Paclitaxel and curcumin

Human ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3 and SKOV3_TR cells) and female nude mice

Bioavailable curcumin inhibits the NF-κB and also acts as an inhibitor for P-gp efflux transporters and elevated intracellular paclitaxel

[146]

11

PCL-PEG nanomicelles

Doxorubicin and siHIF

Prostate cancer (PC-3) cells and xenograft mice

siHIF-mediated MDR1 gene silencing, disruption of angiogenesis and enhanced intracellular doxorubicin levels

[174]

12

Pluronic (P-105) based nanomicelles

Doxorubicin and Ruboxyl

Human leukemia cell line (HL-60 cells), Human ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780S and A2780/ADR cells)

Surfactant-based nanomicelles facilitate the delivery of drugs to resistant cells and also enhance their intracellular retention

[312]

Nanoemulsion

13

Nanoemulsion

Paeonol

Human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2 cell lines) and male SD rats

Nanoemulsions bypass P-gp efflux pumps and suppress tumor growth

[313]

14

Folate conjugated nanoemulsion

Docetaxel

Human epithelial cell lines (KB-WT and KB-PR10 cells) and C57BL/6 J transgenic mouse

Bypasses efflux pumps and downregulates P-gp efflux with enhanced antitumor activity

[314]

15

Amphiphilic dendrimer

Doxorubicin

Human breast Cancer (MCF-7S, MCF-7R cells), Human prostate cancer (PC-3 cells), Human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2 cells), Human cervical cancer (HeLa cells) and Mice models (NSG mice and C57BL/6 mice)

EPR-mediated efficient doxorubicin delivery prevents systemic toxicity and overcomes drug resistance

[315]

16

Capryol 90- nanoemulsion

Paclitaxel

Human colorectal cancer (Caco-2 cells)

Inhibit P-gp efflux and enhance drug retention and associated toxicity

[316]

17

Flaxseed oil-DSPE-PEG2000) nanoemulsion

Curcumin and Paclitaxel

Ovarian cancer (SKOV and SKOV3_TR) cells

Inhibit NF-κB activity and downregulate P-gp expression with elevated intracellular drug retention

[317]

18

Polyalkylcyanoacrylate NPs

Cyclosporin A and Doxorubicin

Mouse leukemia (P388/ADR cells)

Inhibition of P-gp efflux pump by cyclosporine A with enhanced doxorubicin retention and associated cytotoxicity

[318]