Table 4 Application of metallic nanomaterials to overcome cancer MDR

1

Ferric-tanic acid nanocapsule

Doxorubicin and Glucose oxidase (GOx)

Human liver (HL-7702 cells), murine breast cancer (4T1 cells) and BALB/c mice

ATP downregulation triggers the suppression of P-gp efflux and enhanced intracellular drug uptake and retention and suppression of tumor development

[319]

2

PHB coated magnetic NPs

Etoposide and MRP-1 specific siRNA

Human breast cancer (MCF-7/S and MCF-7/1000ETO cells)

MDR1 gene silencing via siRNA and inhibition of drug efflux and higher drug uptake and cytotoxicity

[320]

3

Calcium phosphate nanoparticles (TCaNG)

Doxorubicin

Human breast cancer (MCF-7/ADR cells) and nude mice

Disruption of calcium ion-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis, blocking ATP activity and inhibiting the biosynthesis and function of P-gp efflux transporters in cells

[155]

4

Sulfhydryl functionalized-Fe₃O₄@polydopamine-mesoporous silica NPs

Doxorubicin

Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 cells)

Reversal of MDR via NP-mediated photothermal effect and efficient inhibition of tumor development

[321]

5

PEO-AgNPs loaded nanofiber

Niclosamide

Human lung cancer (A549 cells) and human breast cancer (MCF-7 cells)

Enhancement of pro-apoptotic genes, ROS-mediated cell death due to elevated accumulation of drugs in cells

[322]

6

AgNPs

Doxorubicin

Human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MCF-7/KCR cells)

AgNP-mediated enhanced ROS generation, mitochondrial damage and inhibition of P-gp efflux pumps

[323]

7

AuNRs

Doxorubicin and Polycurcumin

Human breast cancer (MCF-7/ADR cells)

Nanorod-mediated photothermal effect, enhanced drug retention and cytotoxicity

[324]

8

SPION NPs

Conjugated linoleic acid

Murine breast cancer (4T1 cells)

PARPγ-mediated cytotoxicity and enhanced inhibition of P-gp efflux pumps

[325]

9

Hydroxyapatite-β-CD coated magnetic nanocomposite

Doxorubicin and Curcumin

Human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells) and BLAB/c mice

Curcumin-mediated inhibition of P-gp efflux, enhanced delivery and accumulation of drug via nanoclusters and suppression of tumor growth and development

[326]

10

Mucin-1 conjugated AuNRs

Doxorubicin

Human breast cancer (MCF-7/ADR cells)

Downregulation of P-gp efflux pumps and enhanced intracellular drug retention

[327]

11

AuNPs

Sorafenib

Human hepatocellular cancer (HepG2 resistant cells)

Reversal of drug resistance via targeting molecular machinery CD147, TGF-β and downregulation of ABCG-2 drug efflux pump

[328]

12

TAT-conjugated AuNPs

2-(9-anthracenylmethylene)-hydrazinecarbothioamide (ANS)

Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2 cells) and human breast cancer (MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR cells)

Bypassing P-gp efflux, enhanced delivery of drug to cells

[329]

13

β-CD coated AuNPs

Paclitaxel

Human lung cancer (H460 and H460_PTX cells)

Nanoconjugates evade P-g-mediated efflux and elevate intracellular drug levels

[330]

14

CuO and ZnO NPs

Vinblastin

Sea urchin embryos

Potential inhibitors of ABC efflux transporters

[131]

15

PLGA coated AuNPs

DR-4 and Doxorubicin

Human colon cancer (DLD-1 and DLD-1/DOX cells) and nude BALB/c mice

Enhanced chemo-photothermal therapy and cytotoxicity in cells and suppression of tumor growth

[79]

16

Lectin conjugated Fe₃O₄ NPs

Paclitaxel

Bcr-Abl positive cell lines

Instability of Bcr-Abl through JNK pathway activation and commencement of extrinsic apoptotic pathways

[130]

17

Nanodiamonds

Doxorubicin

Hepatoblastoma tumor modal (LT2-Myc cells and LT2- myc mice)

Overcoming transporter-mediated drug efflux and inhibition of cancer progression

[154]

18

OA coated-(Fe₃O₄) NPs

Daunorubicin and 5-bromotetrandrin

Human leukemia cell line (K562/A02 cells)

MDR-1 gene downregulation and retention of daunorubicin

[80]

19

Fe₃O₄ NPs

MDR short hairpin RNA (shRNA)

Human leukemic cell line (K562/A02 cells)

Synergistic effect of Fe₃O₄ NPs and PGY1–2 (shRNA expression vehicle) to reverse MDR

[128]

20

Fe₃O₄ NPs

Cisplatin

Human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV3/DDP resistance cells)

Inhibition of P-gp-mediated efflux by downregulating the expression of BCL-2 and expression of P-gp gene and increasing cisplatin accumulation in cells

[129]