Table 1 Emerging strategies of enhanced PDT for bladder cancer
From: Emerging photodynamic/sonodynamic therapies for urological cancers: progress and challenges
Photosensitizers | Biological model | Strategy | Result | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
ALA | Subcutaneous 253 J B-V in nude mice | Combination with DFX to increase PpIX accumulation | Enhancing ALA-PDT-induced cell apoptosis | [38] |
HSA-MnO2-Ce6 NPs | Orthotopic MB-49 in C57BL/6 mice | Catalyzing the decomposition of H2O2 to generate oxygen; serving as a good contrast reagent for MRI | Improved therapeutic efficacy and prolonged lifetime of mice compared to controls | [39] |
HSA-Ce6/NTZ/FCS NPs | Orthotopic fLuc-T24 in nude mice | Intravesical instillation; reduced tumoral oxygen consumption; enhanced transmucosal ability | Dramatically enhanced orthotopic bladder tumors ablation | [40] |
PorGal8 | Subcutaneous UM-UC-3luc+ in nude mice | Targeting galectin-1 | PDT-mediated tumor shrinkage and downregulation of E-cadherin | [41] |
ChlGal8 | Subcutaneous HT-1376 in nude mice | Targeting galectin-1; better photochemical and photophysical properties | Improved efficacy after repeated PDT in resistant cells | [42] |
PLZ4-nanoporphyrin | Orthotopic and subcutaneous PDX in NSG mice | Targeting αVβ3 integrin; combination with PTT and chemotherapy | Orthotopic PDX bladder tumors elimination after intravesical light irradiation | [43] |
Gd-PEG-R3 | Subcutaneous T24 in nude mice | Targeting αVβ3 integrin; “off–on” responsive theranostic agents | Selective bladder tumor suppression; enhanced in vivo MRI signal upon binding | [44] |
Porphyrin-DNA NPs | Subcutaneous 5637 in nude mice | Hydrophobicity-dependent DNA and PSs release | Light-dependent tumor suppression | [45] |
TNP/DOX/ZnPC | 5637 in nude mice | Combination with DOX-based chemotherapy | Higher tumor suppression compared to PDT alone or chemotherapy alone | [46] |
BITT@BSA-DSP NPs | Subcutaneous MB49 in C57BL/6 mice | Combination with PTT, chemotherapy and AIEgens-based NIRFI; reduction-responsive drug delivery | Efficient visualization of tumor regions and significant tumor suppression | [47] |
Ppa-hydrazone-DOX NPs | Subcutaneous PDX in NSG mice | Combination with PTT and chemotherapy to overcome drug resistance; pH-responsive drug delivery | Eradication of DOX- and GDC-resistance tumors | [48] |
Poly (OEGMA)-PTX prodrug@Ce6 | Subcutaneous PDX in nude mice | Combination with PCI and chemotherapy; enzyme-responsive drug delivery | Complete tumor eradication after two-stage irradiation | [49] |
17-AAG-loaded nanoporphyrin | Subcutaneous PDX in NSG mice | Combination with NIRFI, PTT and HSP90-targeted therapy | Superior anti-cancer efficacy with downregulation of HIF-1α, Akt, Erk and Src, and upregulation of HSP70 | [50] |
Panitumumab-IR700 conjugates | Subcutaneous UM-UC-5 and UM-UC-3 in nude mice | EGFR-targeted NIR-PIT | EGFR surface expression-dependent tumor suppression by cell necrosis | [51] |
Erlotinib-PS | Subcutaneous UM-UC-3 and T24 in SCID mice | EGFR-targeted PIT; combination with PET imaging for fluorescence-guided PDT | Long-term cure for EGFR-positive tumors; PET imaging ability | [52] |
Pan-IR700 + tra-IR700 | Subcutaneous SW780 in nude mice | Combination of EGFR- and HER2-targeted NIR-PIT | Strongest tumor suppression compared to either agent alone | [53] |
Anti-CD47-IR700 | Subcutaneous GFP-luciferase transfected 639 V in NSG mice | CD47-targeted NIR-PIT | Prominent tumor suppression and prolonged survival by 5 rounds of treatment | [54] |