Table 2 Emerging strategies of enhanced PDT for prostate cancer

Anti-PSMA-IR700

Subcutaneous PC-3 in nude mice

Anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody conjugation

Inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival significantly

[123]

¹¹¹In-DTPA-D2B-IRDye700DX

Subcutaneous PSMA⁺ LS174T-PSMA cells or PSMA⁻ LS174T-wildtype cells in nude mice

Anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody conjugation; being radiolabeled with ¹¹¹In

Fluorescence and radioactivity dual tumor imaging capabilities, and tumor suppression

[124]

PSMA-1-Pc413, PSMA-1-IR700

Subcutaneous PC-3PIP in nude mice

A novel PSMA-targeted peptide conjugation

Fluorescence imaging and tumor elimination capability

[125]

[¹¹¹In]In-DOTA(GA)-IRDye700DX-PSMA ligands

Subcutaneous LS174T-PSMA in the left flank and LS174T in the right flank in nude mice

Variants of PSMA-targeted ligands conjugation; being radiolabeled with ¹¹¹In

Fluorescence and radioactivity dual tumor imaging capabilities;

[126]

PSMA-617, PSMA-1007

Subcutaneous PSMA⁺ LS174T-PSMA cells or PSMA⁻ LS174T-wildtype cells in nude mice

Three new PSMA-targeted ligands conjugation; being radiolabeled with ¹¹¹In

Enhanced tumor targeting and enabled multimodal image-guided prostate cancer surgery combined with PDT

[127]

bbp

Subcutaneous PC-3 PIP and PC-3 in nude mice

A PSMA-targeted ligand conjugation; a peptide linker modification to prolong plasma circulation time

Enhanced tumor-inhibition rate with NIR fluorescence image guidance

[128]

YC-9

Subcutaneous PC-3 PIP in nude mice

A PSMA-targeted peptide conjugation

Delayed tumor growth in PC-3PIP tumor mice

[129]

RGD-L-Pyro 1, RGD-L-Glu-Pyro 2

Subcutaneous PC-3 in nude mice

An integrin-binding sequence (cRGD) conjugation; added hydrophilic PEG and hydrophilic carboxylic acid group as the linker to enhance the water solubility of the conjugate

PDT-mediated PC-3 tumors eradication

[130]

PpIX-PA

Subcutaneous PC-3 in nude mice

PAs conjugation to increase accumulation in tumor cells and ROS quantum yield

More cancer cells apoptosis than PpIX alone

[131]

uPA-PPP

Subcutaneous PC-3 in Swiss Nu/Nu mice

uPA-responsive prodrug

ROS-mediated tumor cell eradication with bioluminescence imaging guide

[77, 78]

PGL-MBs

Subcutaneous PC-3 in nude mice

Combination with microbubbles to realize US imaging and promote the delivery of PGL under LFUS

Excellent therapeutic efficacy with US imaging guide

[76]

PTX-PP@Au NPs

Subcutaneous PC-3 in nude mice

Combination with PTT, chemotherapy and ion channel inhibition

Achieving the therapy to ARPC with low toxicity on liver function or other organs

[132]

GNS@IR820/DTX-CD133

Subcutaneous PC-3 in nude mice

The CD133 antibody conjugation; Combination with PTT, chemotherapy, NIRFI and PAI

Achieving the excellent antitumor effects of the synergistic PTT/PDT/ chemotherapy strategies under the NIR-light irradiation

[133]

HSA@IR780@DTX

Subcutaneous 22RV1 in nude mice

Combination with PTT, and chemotherapy

Complete xenografted prostate tumor inhibition after NIR-light irradiation

[134]

17-AAG-loaded nanoporphyrin

Subcutaneous PC-3 in nude mice

Combination with NIRFI, PTT and HSP90-targeted therapy

Light-dose dependent tumor inhibition

[103]