Table 3 Cancer-derived sEV based strategies for PDAC treatment

Inhibition of cancer-derived sEV formation or secretion

CAF-derived sEVs

GW4869

GW4869 treated CAF decreased the release of sEVs and reduced the survival of epithelial cells

[140]

CAF tumor organoid-derived sEVs

Climbazole, imipramine

Climbazole and imipramine prevented the release of PDAC-derived sEVs and inhibited the growth of organoids and chemoresistance

[141]

PDAC-derived sEVs (Panc-1, MiaPaCa-2, PSN-1)

RAB27B

siRNA

Downregulated miR-155 inhibited the release of cancer-derived sEVs and reduced the GEM resistance

[142]

CAF-derived sEVs

GW4869

Suppression of CAF-derived sEV secretion could

reduce these PTEN targeting miRNAs and restore the PTEN expression

[143]

Pan02-derived sEVs

Short hairpin RNAs

Knocking down of overexpressed genes ITGβ4 or ITGβ5 remarkably reduced the metastatic ability of cancer cells

[144]

PDAC-derived sEVs (Panc-1, MiaPaCa-2, etc.)

GW4869, MEK inhibitor

Blocking of VEFG-C could inhibit PDAC

early dissemination and cancer malignancy

[145]

Cancer-derived sEVs as drug carrier vesicles

Panc-1-derived sEVs

GEM

Tumor growth was suppressed treated with GEM loaded sEVs in mice model

[146]

Melanoma cell-derived sEVs

Survivin T34A

Survivin T34A loaded sEVs restored GEM sensitivity to PDAC cell lines and induced a significant increase in apoptotic cancer cell deaths

[147]

Panc-1-derived sEVs

PTX

RGD modified sEVs showed good affinity for αvβ3 on pancreatic cancer cells and improved the tumor cell targeting ability.

[148]

Panc-1-derived sEVs

siRNA (siPAK4)

The siPAK4 loaded sEVs induced significant apoptosis of tissue and prolonged survival of PDAC bearing mice

[149]

TAS-derived sEVs

miR-145

The miR-145 in TAS-derived suppressed the PDAC development

[150]

Using cancer-derived sEVs in immunotherapy

Panc-1-derived sEVs

Immune activating proteins in sEVs

PDAC-derived sEV lysates increased the tumor-killing capacity of DCs/CIKs towards PDAC cells

[151]

Human pancreas carcinoma cell-derived sEVs

HSP70

HSP70 in sEVs stimulated NK cell migration and caused cytotoxicity against cancer cells

[152]

Rat PDAC-derived sEVs

N/A

PDAC-derived sEVs supported leukocyte effector functions by strengthening NK and cytotoxic T cell activity

[153]

PDAC-derived sEVs

SEB

PDAC-derived sEVs loaded with T cell immune stimulator SEB could significantly induce cancer cell apoptosis

[154]

Immunogenically dying tumor cell-derived sEVs

CCL22 siRNA

CCL22 siRNA loaded in MART-1 peptide modified sEVs could enhance antitumor immune response

[155]

PDAC-derived sEVs (Panc02)

GTPase Rab11

Inhibition of saliva sEVs could lose their ability to inhibit NK cells

[156]