Scheme 2

Schematic of three kind flap models and three kind thrombus animal models: an overview of methods. a The anterolateral thigh flap. b The McFarlane flap. c Abdominal flap: superficial inferior epigastric perforator flap. d Carotid artery thrombosis: topical application of filter paper saturated with 5% ferric chloride for 1 min on the left common carotid artery, corresponding vessel wall damage. e Inferior vena thrombosis: the inferior vena cava was ligated twice for a 4 mm length, corresponding blood stasis model. f Pulmonary embolism: after ligating the jugular vein's distal end, thrombin and CaCl₂ were injected into the proximal end, corresponding blood coagulability increased