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Table 2 The therapeutic effects of common natural compounds and drugs in the targeted regulation of ROS-mediated pathogenesis of psoriasis

From: Advances in the modulation of ROS and transdermal administration for anti-psoriatic nanotherapies

Chemical or drug

Mechanism

Administration

References

Galangin

Neutralization of harmful ROS to induce NRF2/OH-1 expression

Topical daily (0.5 mg cream)

[54]

Acitretin

Activation of ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway-GSH synthesis

Oral (5 mg/kg, daily)

[65]

PDE4 inhibitor

Inhibition inactivation of p47 subunit protein

Topical

[41, 136]

Ambroxol

Reduction of ROS-NF-κB/ERK/JNK signaling pathway and improvement of the expression of SOD-2 and NRF2

Subcutaneous group (30 mg/kg)

[66]

Hemin

Suppression of iNOS in macrophages

Intraperitoneally injected every week (4 mmol/L)

[77]

Hemin

Inactivation of STAT3 through upregulating SHP-1 expression to suppress Stat3-controlled aberrant keratinocyte hyperproliferation and differentiation

Topical

[51]

Curcumin

Activation of OH-1, leading to reduction of MAPK activation with the function of maintenance of DC in an immature and tolerogenic phenotype with significantly reduced pro-inflammatory responses

Ex-vivo psoriasis PBMC (5 µM)

[75]

DMF/FAEs

Modulation of the phenotypic switch of immune cell types through glutathione depletion and reprogramming the cellular redox balance

Oral (240 mg/day)

[76, 129, 148,149,150]

Cannabidiol (CBD)

Reduction of NETosis formation via inhibiting the expression of NADPH oxidase and MPO

Neutrophils from psoriatic patients (10 µg/mL)

[87]

Ibrutinib

Attenuation of IMQ-induced oxidative stress in CD11c+DCs and neutrophils

Intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg/daily)

[96]

Proanthocyanidins

Increase the ratio of Treg:Th17 cells and blockade of MAPK/NF-κB/HO-1 signaling pathway

Topical daily (20 µM)

[100, 137]

MTH1 inhibitors

Normalization of the neutrophils and T cells frequencies in the skin and skin-draining lymph nodes, decrease of IL-17-producing γδ T cells and preventation of IL-17-downstream genes in KCs

Ex-vivo psoriasis PBMC/ HEKn/Th17-driven inflammation in mice

[102]

Astragalus sinicus L.

Inhibition of NF-κB signaling cascades in cytokine-stimulated KCs, and suppression of CD4+ T cells differentiated into Th2 and Th17 cell subsets via scavenging intracellular ROS

HaCaT/ CD4+ T cells/IL-23-induced psoriasis-like mouse model

[101]