Table 2 The application of nanoparticles in vitreoretinal diseases

[30]

PEA-NLC

/

Deliver PEA

Downregulate TNF-α in retinal tissue

Sprague‒Dawley rats with STZ-induced diabetes

[58]

RES-AuNPs

10 mm

Deliver RES

Reduce pigment epithelium-derived factor and VEGF-1; reduce the expression of TNFα, MCP-1, ICAM-1, IL-6, and IL-1β; reduce the phosphorylation of NF-κB P65; block the ERK1/2 signaling pathway

Wistar rats with STZ-induced DR

[32]

PBA-GC@DEX NPs

120–180 nm

Deliver DEX

Downregulate the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α

Rats with STZ-induced DR

[53]

SeNP

30 ~ 60 nm

Inhibit inflammation directly

Inhibit the increased fluorescence intensity of [Ca 2+] C in ARPE-19 cells induced by TRPM2 activation; decrease TRPM2 current density; decrease mito-Depol, cell solute and mito-ROS production in ARPE-19 cells; downregulate TNF-α and IL-1β levels; downregulate PARP-1 and TRPM2 in ARPE-19 cells

/

[49]

siRNA/MNP

180 nm

Deliver siRNA

Silence VCP in retinal cell lines, reduce microglial activation

Homozygous P23H rhodopsin transgenic rats

[59]

OCCNPs

100 nm

Inhibit inflammation directly

Inhibit the oxidative stress response; inhibit the apoptosis of ARPE-19 cells; downregulate the expression of the inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-6

/

[14]

D-TA

5.4 ± 0.2 nm

Deliver TA

Decrease the expression of proinflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1), inhibit the secretion of VEGF-165, inhibit macrophage infiltration

SD rats with 13(S) HpODE-induced CNV

[13]

RES-loaded PLGA NPs

102.7 ± 2.8 nm

Deliver RES

Downregulate NF-κB and HIF-1α transcription factors to inhibit the expression of VEGF

/

[39]

AS-VCAM-1 hAuNP

15 nm ~ 20 nm

Inhibit inflammation directly

Target to the inflammatory marker VCAM-1

C57BL/6J male mice with laser-induced CNV

[40]

TP-nanolip-APRPG

123 nm

Deliver TP

Decrease the expression of VEGF, downregulate ICAM-1 and MCP-1, inhibit M2 macrophage infiltration

C57BL/6J mice with CNV induced by laser

[45]

PLA-AZM NPs, PLA-TCA NPs

200–250 nm

Deliver AZM and TCA

Target BV-2 microglia, inhibit the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β

C57BL/6J mice

[54]

AuAgCu2O-BS NPs

190 nm

Deliver BS

Downregulate elevated IL-1β and IL-6

New Zealand white rabbits with MRSA-induced endophthalmitis