Fig. 3

In vitro analyses of therapeutic toxicity and immunostimulatory activity. A Panc02 cells treated with the indicated conditions were assessed for CRT exposure and HMGB1 release via CLSM. Scale bars: 25 µm and 100 µm. b CRT exposure in the indicated treatment groups was examined via flow cytometry (n = 3). c HMGB1 release from Panc02 cells in the indicated groups was examined via Western blotting. d The release of ATP from Panc02 cells in the indicated treatment groups was assessed (n = 3). e TiSe₂ cytotoxicity was quantified in Panc02, Bxpc-3, and MDA-MB-468 cells in the absence of US irradiation (n = 5). f CCK-8 analyses of Panc02 cells were conducted under hypoxic or normoxic conditions following treatments with the indicated formulations for 24 h (n = 5). CRT, calreticulin; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; US, ultrasound. Data are means ± SD, and were compared via one-way ANOVAs with Bonferroni post hoc testing or Student’s t-tests. *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001