Metal ions | Nano-platform example | Inducing approach | Main principle | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fe2+, Fe3+ | RCH | Ferroptosis | Lipid peroxides accumulation | [196] |
NMIL-100@GOx@C | Apoptosis | Biocatalysis | [197] | |
Cu+, Cu2+ | Cu-Elesclomol | Cuproptosis | Protein toxic stress | [110] |
DSF@PVP/Cu-HMPB | Apoptosis | Biocatalysis | [198] | |
Ca2+ | SH-CaO2 | Calcicoptosis | Calcium overload | [85] |
Na+ | Na2S2O8 | Pyroptosis | Osmotic pressure interference | [199] |
K+ | K3ZrF7:Yb/Er | Pyroptosis | [164] | |
Co2+ | Co/ZIF-8/ICG/Pt | Apoptosis | Biocatalysis | [167] |
Ce2+, Ce3+ | PEG/Ce-Bi@DMSN | Apoptosis | Biocatalysis | [168] |
Mn2+ | MS@MnO2 | Apoptosis | Biocatalysis | [200] |
DSPM | Apoptosis | Immune activation | [176] | |
Ag+ | AgNC–GOx | Apoptosis and autophagy | Biocatalysis | [201] |
Ti3+ | D-MOF (Ti) | Apoptosis | Biocatalysis | [170] |
Mo4+ | MoP2 | Apoptosis | Biocatalysis | [172] |
Zn2+ | HZ@GD | Apoptosis | Glycolysis inhibition | [202] |
Mg2+ | DNF | Apoptosis | Promoting DNA crosslink | [203] |
Mg2+ | Apoptosis | Immune activation | [177] | |
Ni2+ | mNiO | Apoptosis | Biocatalysis | [204] |
[Ni(La1)2(Lb2)]·CH3OH | Apoptosis and autophagy | Mitophagy | [205] | |
Re+ | CA-Re | Pyroptosis | Immune activation | [206] |
Pt2+ | Pt(II) complexes (C1–C6) | Apoptosis and autophagy | Impeding DNA synthesis | [192] |
Ir3+ | Ir(III)-Re(I) | Apoptosis and autophagy | Cell cycle inhibition | [194] |
Ru2+ | [Ru(bpy)2(phcpip)] (ClO4)2 | Apoptosis | Cell cycle inhibition | [207] |
Os2+ | [Os(η6-pcym)(bphen)(dca)]PF6 | Necroptosis | Eliminating cancer stem cell (CSC) | [208] |