Fig. 4

The differentiation of NSCs on grooved GelMA-MXene hydrogel. a–c Immunofluorescence staining images of NSCs seeded on TCPs (a), grooved GelMA (b) and grooved GelMA-MXene hydrogel (c) for 3 days. Tuj-1 was stained red, GFAP was stained in green, and nuclei were stained blue. Scale bars: 20 μm. d–f Curvature analysis of NSCs on TCPs (d), grooved GelMA hydrogel (e) and GelMA-MXene hydrogel (f). g–i The total length of the neurites (g), the differentiation rate of NSCs (h), and the number of primary branch tips (i) of the three types of substrates. *p < 0.05,   *p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ns mark means no significant difference