Fig. 8

Effects of oral treatment with AuNCs on oral and gut microbiomes. (A/D) Richness and diversity of microbiome among groups in oral and gut, respectively. (B/E) Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) using the Bray–Curtis distance was conducted to reveal the microbiome compositions among groups. (C/F) Relative abundances of differential bacterial genera across all samples were centered and scaled in the row direction and plotted using a heatmap. Con treatment with PBS, Lig ligature and treatment with PBS, Fn ligature with F. nucleatum inoculation, AuNCs ligature with alternate applications of F. nucleatum and AuNCs (0.4 mM)