Fig. 5

ADSC-secreted EVs as a vehicle to transport si-TRAF6, miR-1931, and si-cir2047 into macrophages in vitro. A Schematic illustration showing that siRNAs were loaded into ADSC-secreted EVs by electroporation. B–D Biological characteristics of these EVs, including morphology, particulate size distribution, and EV marker proteins. E Fluorescent images of unloaded F4/80-EVs and si-RNA-loaded F4/80-EVs incubated with M1 macrophages for 24 h were used to evaluate the localization of FITC-labeled NF-κB1 (p50) and Cy5-labeled NF-κB (p65). Fluorescence quantitation of arbitrary single cells revealed lower FITC and Cy5 signals in the group that received siRNA-loaded F4/80-EVs compared with the signals in the group with unloaded F4/80-EVs; FQ, fluorescence quantitation; a.u., arbitrary unit. F and G Flow cytometry of M1 (iNOS) and M2 (CD206) macrophage markers after treatment with various F4/80-EVs and quantification of iNOS and CD206 expression levels in various F4/80-EV-treated macrophages (n = 3). H mRNA levels of Mmp9, Mmp2, and Mmp13 in F4/80-positive M1 polarized cells after treatment with various F4/80-EVs. I ELISA of MMP-9, MMP-2, and MMP-13 expression in cellular supernatant derived from F4/80-postive M1 polarized cells after treatment with various F4/80-EVs; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ns, not significant