Fig. 11

Scanning electron microscopy images of E. coli cells incubated with Ce6-TPP-PEI (A, E), TPP-PEI (B, F), free Ce6 (C, G) and PBS (D, H) with the same Ce6 or TPP-PEI concentration for 4 h with or without light (Scale bar: 3 μm). The concentration of Ce6 was 12 µg/mL. Arrows indicate E. coli integrity, where the cell membranes are destroyed and the cytoplasm flows out