Table 1 An overview of different LDNs used in the treatment of AKI
From: Low dimensional nanomaterials for treating acute kidney injury
Type | Nanomaterials | Animal model | Mechanism | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
0D | Ir NPs-PVP | RM-induced AKI model; CP-induced AKI model | Scavenge RONS | [99] |
0D | Ceria NPs | CP-induced AKI model; IR-induced AKI model; cyclophosphamide -induced AKI model | Scavenge ROS; regulate the ROS-involved genes by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway | [100] |
0D | Atv/PTP-TCeria NPs | LPS-induced AKI model | Scavenge ROS; inhibit inflammatory response; protect mitochondrial structure | [101] |
0D | Cu5.4O USNPs | CP-induced AKI model | Scavenge ROS | [106] |
0D | FGP nanodots | RM-induced AKI model, CP-induced AKI model | Scavenge ROS | [147] |
0D | Ultrasmall RuO2 NPs | RM-induced AKI model, CP-induced AKI model | Scavenge ROS; inhibit apoptosis | [109] |
0D | Mo-based POM nanoclusters | CP-induced AKI model | Scavenge ROS by switching between reduced and oxidized forms | [110] |
0D | PDA-CNDs | IR-induced AKI model; CP-induced AKI model | Scavenge ROS | [113] |
0D | Functionalized GQDs | Glycerol-induced AKI mice | Possess broad-spectrum ROS-scavenging property | [114] |
0D | Se-Doped CQDs | RM-induced AKI model, CP-induced AKI model | Possess broad-spectrum ROS-scavenging property | [120] |
0D | Au NPs | Acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity?? | Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic capabilities | [111] |
0D | DXM-loaded SA-NPs | IR-induced AKI model | Specific recognition by E-selectin receptor; inhibit inflammatory response; inhibit apoptosis | [126] |
0D | DXM-loaded SA-NPs | IR-induced AKI model | Reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines levels, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis | [127] |
0D | RNPpH | IR- induced AKI model | Scavenge ROS; pH-responsive | [130] |
0D | SC-TK-SS31 | IR-induced AKI model | ROS-triggered drug release to protect mitochondria from damage and reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell apoptosis | [131] |
0D | SS31-loaded nanopoly -plexes | LPS-induced AKI model | Inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory response; protect mitochondrial structure | [135] |
0D | DXM-loaded polymer micelles | LPS-induced AKI model | Mitigate generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines through inhibiting Beclin-1/Atg5-Atg12-mediated autophagy | [139] |
0D | Oltipraz-PLGA NPs | IR-induced AKI model | Renal target, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant | [141] |
0D | Chitosan/siRNA NPs | UUO renal inflammatory model | Reduce oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell apoptosis; specifically knock down COX-2 in macrophages | [146] |
1D | fCNT/siRNA | CP-induced AKI model | Enhance siRNA delivery to tubule cells | [115] |
1D | SFP/BA NFs | CP-induced AKI mouse model | Scavenge ROS;the activation of cGAS/TING | [148] |
2D | BPNSs | Glycerol-induced AKI model | Broad-spectrum ROS-scavenging property | [149] |
2D | Ti3C2-PVP nanosheets | Glycerol-induced AKI model | Scavenge ROS; suppress oxidative stress-induced inflammatory response through inhibition of NF-κB signal pathway | [150] |
2D | GO | CP-induced AKI model | Increase uptake of MSCs, growth factors secreted by MSCs, and essential factors in the blood | [151] |
2D | GO-BSA | Endotoxin-induced AKI model | Adsorb ECM proteins and encourage their exchange to the intense renal damage tissue and expand its repair speed | [152] |