Fig. 1

Renoprotective nanoparticles classification.Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs); Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs); 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (trolox) surface-functionalized selenium nanoparticles (Se@Trolox); urolithin A (UA); Silk fibroin peptide/baicalein nanofibers (SFP/BA NFs); N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide-conjugated gold nanoparticles (NA2-AuNPs); PLGA-encapsulated nano-Boldine (NBol); tea polyphenol-functionalized SeNPs (Se@TE NPs); Thymoquinone nanoparticles (NP THY); N-benzylN,O-succinyl chitosan (BSCT); The platinum complexes of curcumin (Pt-CUR@ mPEG-SS-PBAE-PLGA); Hyaluronan–cisplatin conjugate nanoparticles (HCNPs); CDDP complexed with γ-polyglutamic acid and chitosan (γ-PGA/CDDP-CS); Cisplatin-loaded polymeric micelles (CDDP-PMs) (with drug/copolymer ratios of 1:3); Silymarin-loaded benzyl-functionalized succinyl chitosan (BSC (SM-loaded PMs); Hyaluronic acid cisplatin/polystyrene-polymetformin (HA-CDDP/PMet); Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR); Pt (IV) prodrug-loaded ligand-induced self-assembled nanoparticles (GA-ALG@Pt NPs); CaCO3 nanoparticle (CDDP/OA-LCC NPs); Cisplatin-loaded green silver nanoparticles (CP-AgNPs); Carbon monoxide(CO)-loaded hemoglobin-vesicle (CO-HbV); RNAi-Chemotherapy Layer by Layer Nanoparticle (RNAi-LBL); Cisplatin-sodium alginate conjugate liposomes modified with EGF (CS-EGF-Lip); Chitosan derivatives, N-octyl-N,O-succinyl chitosan (OSCS); Gelatin microspheres incorporating cisplatin (GM-CDDP); Hyaluronan–cisplatin conjugate nanoparticles (HCNPs) entrapped in Eudragit S100-coated pectinate/alginate microbeads (PAMs) (HCNP-PAMs); Cisplatin-polyacrylic acid (PAA) nano capsule (CDDP-PAA-NC); Cisplatin loaded folic acid decorated bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (Cp-FA-BSA-Nps); Cisplatin-loaded LHRH-modified dextran nanoparticles (Dex-SA-CDDP-LHRH)