Fig. 3
Cisplatin induced-nephrotoxicity signaling pathways upon entering a renal Proximal tubular epithelial cell versus the ameliorative effects of polymeric nanoparticles. Each green circle is a representative of a nanoparticles' group that may have a positive or ameliorative effect on the selected signaling element. (1) Nanocurcumin; (2) The platinum complexes of curcumin (Pt-CUR@ mPEG-SS-PBAE-PLGA), Gallic acid-loaded Eudragit-RS 100 NPs; (3) Nanocurcumin, Thymoquinone nanoparticles (NP-THY), Gallic acid-loaded Eudragit-RS 100 NPs; (4) Urolithin A nanoparticles; (5) Cisplatin NanoComposite (CHIT/Cis/MgO NPs), Urolithin A nanoparticles; (6) CHIT/Cis/MgO NPs, NP-THY; (7) Nanocurcumin, CHIT/Cis/MgO NPs, NP-THY, Gallic acid-loaded Eudragit-RS 100 NPs; (8) Exosomes; (9) Nanoparticulated honokiol, CHIT/Cis/MgO NPs, Exosomes, Carbon monoxide (CO)-loaded hemoglobin-vesicle (CO-HbV); (10) Exosomes. Organic cation transporters 2 (OCT2); Copper transporter receptor 1 (CTR1); Reactive oxygen species (ROS); Nuclear factor erythroid related factor 2 (Nrf-2); MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase); Nuclear factor kappa β (NF-κβ); Sirtuin 1 (Sirt1); poly ADP-ribose polymerase-1 (PARP1); Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF); Activates apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF); Bcl-2 associated X-protein (BAX); B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2); Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP); Cytochrome complex (cyt.c); Interleukin (IL); Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)