Table 3 The in-vivo effects of cisplatin and nanoparticles on renal histopathology

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs

Mild tubular cloudy swelling and necrosis

• Tubular apoptosis, necrosis, intratubular eosinophilic material, and atrophy

[52]

Nanoceria

• Inhibition of CDDP-induced kidney weight reduction after acute (14 days) and chronic (28 days) exposure,

• Normal tubules

• Tubular dilation

• Reduced kidney weight

[53]

Green silver nanoparticles (CP-AgNPs)

• Tubules: mild cloudy swelling, cast formation, regenerated tubular epithelium, vacuolation

• Glomeruli: few shrunken, wide Bowman’s spaces, periglomerular leukocytic infiltration

• glomerular lesions: congestion, collapse, atrophy, and necrosis

• tubular lesions: necrosis of the lining epithelium, extensive vacuolation, atrophy, cystic dilatation, cast formation

• Interstitium: vascular congestion, leukocytic infiltration

[54]

N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide-conjugated gold nanoparticles (NA2-AuNPs)

• A great ameliorating effects on kidney damage scores at the dose of 25 mg/kg

• Normal renal cortex, corpuscles and tubules

• Protection of brush borders of proximal convoluted tubules

• Excessive epithelial vacuolization,

• Glomerular atrophy

• Damaged brush borders

[55]

selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs)

• Fish oil + SeNPs + CDDP + γ-radiation group: surface blebs, swelling of tubular occasional cells, intratubular eosinophilic material

• CDDP group:

Glomerular lesions: atrophy, fibrosis, thick basement membrane, wide Bowman’s space. Tubular lesions: necrosis and edema in convoluted tubules, hemorrhage

• CDDP + γ-radiation group:

More severe hemorrhage, glomerular atrophy, dilated tubules, leucocytic infiltration

[57]

Tea polyphenol-functionalized SeNPs (Se@TE NPs)

Normal

• Swelling of tubular cells and glomeruli

• Narrowing interstitial space

[58]

Se@SiO2 nanocomposites

Normal

Tubular epithelial injury, inflammatory infiltration, cast formation, tubular dilatation

[60]

A. officinarum-silver nanoparticles (AG-AO)

Normal

Tubular atrophy, necrosis, cortex and medullary damage, Interstitial edema and inflammation

[62]

Curcumin nanoparticles

• Normal

• Proximal tubular area = 1500 μm²

• Tubular necrosis (mild to moderate), proteinaceous cast formation,

• Proximal tubular area = 893 μm²

[73]

Curcumin nanoparticles

Normal

• Shrinkage of the glomerulus, wide Bowman’s space

• Tubular atrophy, necrosis, cast formation

[72]

Cisplatin-incorporated liposome conjugated with EGFR antibodies (EGFR:lP-cDDP)

Normal

Acute cortical tubular degeneration and regeneration

[78]

RNAi-Chemotherapy Layer by Layer Nanoparticle

Normal

Swollen tubules

[80]

Curcumin-Loaded Liposomes synthesized by microfluidic technology

Normal

Acute tubular necrosis, multiple necrotic cells, debris in lumen,

[83]

Nanoparticulated honokiol

Reduced CDDP-induced histopathological changes

Inflammatory infiltration, interstitial fibrosis, tubular lesions, smaller kidneys with pale appearance,

[84]

Lipid-coated cisplatin nanoparticles

Normal

• Collapsed glomeruli; mesangial cells fused with tubules, dilated arteries with red blood cells

• Systemic injection group: collapsed Bowman’s capsule, and disappeared Bowman’s space

• Local injection group: lymphocyte infiltration

[85]

Cisplatin NanoComposite (CHIT/Cis/MgO NPs)

Normal structure with congested intertubular blood vessels and albuminous casts

• Massive intertubular hemorrhage, tubular degenerative changes, extended renal tubules, leukocyte infiltration, necrosis

• Glomerular atrophy, wide Bowman’s space

[87]

CDDP complexed with γ-polyglutamic acid and chitosan (γ-PGA/CDDP-CS)

Normal tubules, but edematous mesenchymal tissues

Damage to proximal tubules

[89]

poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles

Normal

Pathological atrophy

[96]

PLGA-encapsulated nano-Boldine (NBol)

• Normal glomerular structure

• Minimal tubular damage

Glomerular atrophy, tubular damage, dilatation of urinary space

[97]

N, N’-

diphenyl-1, 4-phenylenediamine loaded PLGA nanoparticles (Nano-DPPD)

Decreased fibrosis score and tubular injury score

Increased the scores

[98]

Thymoquinone nanoparticles (NP THY)

• Almost normal parenchyma structure with negligible deformity of few corpuscles

• Normal tubules with some luminal dilation in cortex

• Infiltrated neoplastic cells: degenerated

• Disorganization of parenchyma

• Atrophy and deformity of corpuscle/glomeruli

• Degenerative changes in tubule lining

• Epithelium: e.g., deformed small nuclei, and swollen cells

• Infiltrated neoplastic cells: degenerated

[99]

Cisplatin/cl-micelles

• After 13 days: normal

• After 28 days: reduced CDDP-induced histopathological changes by regenerating tubules in cortical subcapsular region, but some change, e.g., basophilic tubules and interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate, were irreversible

• After 13 days: all animals: tubular vacuolization, basophilia; some animals: necrosis in tubules and collecting duct, and reduced cellularity in papilla

[101]

P-quercetin

• Reduced cortical injury

• No impact on medullary injury

• Massive tubular necrosis in outer medulla, and slight damage in cortical region

• Tubular dilation, increased hyaline material

[105]

Carbon monoxide (CO)-loaded hemoglobin-vesicle (CO-HbV)

Normal

• Tubular injuries: swelling and detachment

[113]

Nanoparticles functionalized with folate (CP-FA-BSA-NPs)

Normal

• Reduced kidney weight

• After 1 week: necrosis

[128]

LHRH-modified dextran nanoparticles (Dex-SA-CDDP-LHRH)

Reduced CDDP-induced histopathological changes

• Severe necrosis in proximal tubules

• Loss of tubular brush border

• Thick glomerular basement membrane and mesangium

[118]

nano-gallic acid

• At concentration of 10 mg/kg: normal

• At concentration of 50 and 100 mg/kg: proximal tubule injury, infiltration of inflammatory cell and RBCs

More severe than NPs induced tubular injury and inflammatory cells infiltration

[119]

Urolithin A nanoparticles

Reduced CDDP-induced histopathological changes

Interstitial expansion, tubular necrosis, atrophy, dilation, apoptotic bodies, casts, thicker glomerular basement membranes

[120]

A magnetic CDDP-encapsulated nanocapsule (CDDP-PAA-NC)

Normal

Swollen proximal tubules, vacuolar degeneration/dilation, basophilic tubules in cortex

[121]

EGFR-albumin-cisplatin nanoparticles

Normal

Tubular atrophy and cystic dilatation

[125]

Pt (IV) prodrug-loaded ligand-induced self-assembled nanoparticles (GA-ALG@Pt NPs)

Normal

• In corticomedullary region: acute proximal tubular injury

• Tubular dilation, hydropic degeneration, and protein casts

[126]

Nanocomposites of CDDP-chitosan

• Normal glomeruli, slightly wider capsular space

• Normal tubular epithelial lining

• Glomerular and tubular damages

[91]

CaCO3 nanoparticle (CDDP/OA-LCC NPs)

• Almost normal

• Loss of brush border

• Loss of epithelium

• Tubular necrosis

[115]