Table 4 Representative studies illustrating how nanoprotrusions/nanodots affect macrophage polarization

Electron beam evaporation

(Ti thin films, 35 nm thick)

J774A.1

↓IL-1β

↓TNF-α

↓iNOS, NO

N/A

M2-like

[148]

Colloidal lithography and sputter-coating

(80 nm semispherical protrusions with interparticle distance of 165 nm)

Sprague Dawley rats

↓CD163

↓TNF-α

N/A

Not clearly defined

[95]

Plasma polymerization and electrostatic self-assembly technique (16, 38 and 68 nm gold nanoparticles)

C57BL/6 mice bone marrow derived macrophages

↓IL-1β, IL-6

↓TNF-α

(especially on 68 nm AuNPs modified with acrylic acid)

N/A

M2-like

[149]

Plasma polymerization and electrostatic self-assembly technique

(16, 38 and 68 nm gold nanoparticles)

RAW 264.7 and human BMSCs

↓IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6

↓iNOS

↑Arg1

↑IκB

M2

[14]

Anodization and subsequently immersion-coating treatment

(Nano-concave pits and nano-convex dots with different diameters)

RAW264.7, human BMSCs and HUVECs

↓CD 86

↓IL-1β, IL-6

↓TNF-α

↑CD 206

↑IL-10

M2 on nanodots

[150]

Electrostatic interaction, electron beam-induced thermal evaporation and subsequently oxidization

(110 nm high hemispherical protrusions, 3%, 19%, 30% and 43% densities)

Primary derived human macrophages and

Osteoblasts

↑IL-1β

↑TNF-α

N/A

M1-like

[151]