Fig. 1

Characterization of LIRA/CA Complex. A The penetration rate of free LIRA and LIRA complexed with CA, RLs, or SDS after ultrafiltration by the membrane with a cutoff molecular weight of 50 kDa. **P < 0.01, compared with the LIRA: CA (1: 18) group (n = 3). B The images and computational binding free energies of the best docking conformations between LIRA and ligands (CA, RLs, and SDS) with the highest binding affinity obtained by Autodock Vina. Hydrogen bonds were marked by red dotted lines. C FTIR spectra of LIRA, CA, physical mixture of LIRA and CA, LIRA/CA Complex, and LIRA/CA@Zein/RLs