Fig. 3

Cholic acid and rhamnolipids accelerated in vitro cell uptake of NPs. A Representative flow cytometry analysis of the uptake of FITC-LIRA/CA@Zein/RLs, FITC-LIRA@Zein/RLs, and FITC-LIRA/CA@Zein by Caco-2 cells after 2 h incubation. B Investigation of endocytic routes of the three NPs by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of FITC-LIRA after incubation with endocytosis inhibitors or in low temperature. C Representative CLSM images of FITC-LIRA loaded NPs incubated with Caco-2 cells. Blue: nuclei stained with DAPI, green: FITC-LIRA, red: cell membrane stained with Dil. ##P < 0.05, compared with LIRA/CA@Zein/RLs group; **P < 0.01, compared with the normal group for the same nanoparticle (n = 3)