Fig. 4
Trans-mucus and Caco-2 monolayer permeability of NPs. A Scheme of the experiments conducted in transwell®. B Tranmucus rate of LIRA from different formulations across simulated mucus layer composed of mucin. C Papp values of LIRA for LIRA/CA complex and different NPs in Caco-2 cell monolayers. D Relative TEER changes and ZO-1 immunofluorescence imaging of Caco-2 cell monolayers, the NPs were removed after 2 h incubation. Scale bar was 50 μm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, n.s., no significance, compared with the LIRA/CA@Zein/RLs group (n = 3)