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Table 1 Currently explored source cells for membrane-coated NPs

From: Biomimetic cell-derived nanocarriers in cancer research

Source

Role

Main Surface Markers

Coated Nanocarrier

RBCs

Tumor targeting; removal of pathogens;

long-term circulation.

CD47;

PLGA; [93] [94, 104]

QDs; [98]

Polymeric NPs; [105]

Mesoporous Silica NPs; [106]

Gold NPs (AuNPs); [107]

Platelets

Immune escaping;

Atherosclerotic site targeting;

Injured vessels and tumor targeting.

CD47;

Membrane glycoproteins;

Selectin.

Nanogels; [108] [109]

QDs; [110]

Magnetic NPs; [111]

PLGA; [112]

Neutrophils

Extravasation from blood vessels;

Inflammation and infection targeting;

Tumor targeting.

L-Selectin;

P-Selectin;

Macrophage antigen-1;

LFA-1;

VLA-4.

Liposome; [113]

PLGA; [114]

Lymphocytes

Extravasation from blood vessels;

Immune system evasion;

Tumor targeting.

LFA-1;

CD11a.

Nonporous silicon particles; [115] (leukolike)

Lipidic NPs; [116]

Macrophages

Antitumor properties.

CD86;

CD80;

MHC-II.

Nanoporous silicon particles; [117]

Gold Nanoshells (AuNSs); [118]

Upconverting NPs (UCNPs); [119]

Mesenchymal cells

Inflamed site targeting;

Tumor targeting.

CD44;

Integrins.

Nanoporous silicon particles; [120]

Nanogel; [121];

Polymeric NPs; [122]

Cancer cells

Homotypic tumor targeting;

Immune system evasion;

Anti-cancer vaccines.

Galectin-3;

Cadherins;

Integrins;

CD326 (EpCAM);

TF-antigen;

CD44.

Magnetic Iron oxide NPs; [123]

PLGA; [124], [125]

UCNPs; [126]

Mesoporous silica NPs; [127]

AuNPs; [128]

Bacteria

Stimulating innate immunity

Promoting adaptive immunity

Tumor targeting

Immunogenic antigens;

Pathogen associated-molecular patterns (PAMPs).

AuNPs; 129]

PLGA; [130]

FeO; [131]

Polymeric NPs; [132]