From: Biomimetic cell-derived nanocarriers in cancer research
Source | Role | Main Surface Markers | Coated Nanocarrier |
---|---|---|---|
RBCs | Tumor targeting; removal of pathogens; long-term circulation. | CD47; | QDs; [98] Polymeric NPs; [105] Mesoporous Silica NPs; [106] Gold NPs (AuNPs); [107] |
Platelets | Immune escaping; Atherosclerotic site targeting; Injured vessels and tumor targeting. | CD47; Membrane glycoproteins; Selectin. | QDs; [110] Magnetic NPs; [111] PLGA; [112] |
Neutrophils | Extravasation from blood vessels; Inflammation and infection targeting; Tumor targeting. | L-Selectin; P-Selectin; Macrophage antigen-1; LFA-1; VLA-4. | Liposome; [113] PLGA; [114] |
Lymphocytes | Extravasation from blood vessels; Immune system evasion; Tumor targeting. | LFA-1; CD11a. | Nonporous silicon particles; [115] (leukolike) Lipidic NPs; [116] |
Macrophages | Antitumor properties. | CD86; CD80; MHC-II. | Nanoporous silicon particles; [117] Gold Nanoshells (AuNSs); [118] Upconverting NPs (UCNPs); [119] |
Mesenchymal cells | Inflamed site targeting; Tumor targeting. | CD44; Integrins. | Nanoporous silicon particles; [120] Nanogel; [121]; Polymeric NPs; [122] |
Cancer cells | Homotypic tumor targeting; Immune system evasion; Anti-cancer vaccines. | Galectin-3; Cadherins; Integrins; CD326 (EpCAM); TF-antigen; CD44. | Magnetic Iron oxide NPs; [123] UCNPs; [126] Mesoporous silica NPs; [127] AuNPs; [128] |
Bacteria | Stimulating innate immunity Promoting adaptive immunity Tumor targeting | Immunogenic antigens; Pathogen associated-molecular patterns (PAMPs). | AuNPs; 129] PLGA; [130] FeO; [131] Polymeric NPs; [132] |