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Table 2 Advantages and limitations of biomimetic cell-derived nanocarriers

From: Biomimetic cell-derived nanocarriers in cancer research

Advantages of biomimetic cell-derived nanocarriers

Limitations of biomimetic cell-derived nanocarriers

Biological compatibility

Stealth properties (reduce non-specific interactions)

Tuneable physical, chemical and biological properties (different cell sources, inherent biological properties)

Biointerfacing capabilities. Ability to retain cellular properties

Improve accumulation and efficacy at the target site (like solid tumors)

Immune escape (evading uptake or clearance by the reticuloendothelial system)

Prolonged circulation time

Protect the encapsulated cargo

Large scale-up (sterile conditions, reproducibility)

Standardized protocols (for cell culture to specific cell type) and well-stablished characterization tools

Safety concerns (immunogenicity and virulence) when they are derived from pathogens

Long term storage

Heterogeneity (methods to validate their structural integrity and functionality)

Quality control (contamination: microorganisms, denatured proteins)