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Table 3 Novel methods for microchips and nano-substrates

From: Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis targeting fetal nucleated red blood cells

Methods

Sorting technology

Release

Efficiency

/Count

Advantages

Disadvantages

Analysis

method

Diagnostic

outcomes

References

Physical chips

A microfiltration chip containing

Filtration

1.2/mL

Simple and low cost

Low purity

—

—

[83]

micropores of different widths

   

Low vitality

   

A cross-flow filtration chip

Filtration

Capture: ~ 74.0%

Simple and low cost

Low purity

—

—

[85]

    

Low vitality

   

A DLD chip with magnetic

Filtration;

37.44/mL

High throughput;

Chip clogging

PCR

Gender

[91]

columns

Magnetic Fields

 

High purity

  

Identification

 

A two-step cascade DLD chip

Filtration

1–396/mL

High purity

Reduce cell yield

PCR

Gender

[82]

with RBC-positive enrichment

Magnetic Fields

Purity: ~ 87.8%

   

Identification

 

A DEP chip containing

Electric Fields

—

Automation;

Long sorting times;

—

—

[92]

electrodes, sensors,

  

Single-cell sorting

Low efficiency;

   

and microchambers

   

Electrode contamination

   

A BAW-based acoustic chip

Sound waves

Capture: ~ 40.64%

High biocompatibility;

High requirements;

PCR

—

[130]

   

Mildness

Complex operation

   

A droplet microfluidic chip with

Valves

Vitality: ~ 99%

High viability;

Not easily release cells;

FISH

—

[144]

calcium alginate hydrogel

  

On-chip analysis;

Target cell loss

   

particles

  

Single-cell analysis

    

Immunoaffinity chips

A hydroxyapatite/chitosan chip

In-situ

1420–3221/mL

Biocompatible;

Not release cells;

FISH

T13/T21

[150]

modified with anti-CD147

  

High throughput

Non-specific cells adhesion

   

A triangular micropillar chip

In-situ

Capture: > 90%

High capture rate

Not release cells

FISH/qPCR

—

[151]

with CD71 antibody-labeled

 

5–35/2 mL

     

A fishbone microfluidic chip

MMP-9

Capture: > 80%

Easily release cells;

Complex production;

FISH

T21/T13

[152]

with gelatin and anti-CD147

 

Release: ~ 89%

High throughput;

Target cell loss

 

XXY/XXX

 
  

Purity: ~ 85%

High capture rate;

    
  

Vitality: > 90%

High purity

    
  

3–24/mL

     

A two-stage integrated-decision

In-situ

Release: > 85%

Single-cell analysis;

Not release cells;

FISH

—

[153]

grading platform

  

High throughput;

    
   

High recovery rate

    

Static nano-substrates

A polypyrrole nanoparticles

Voltage

Release: ~ 94.6%

Biocompatible;

Affect cell vitality;

FISH/WES

T21/T13

[30]

the film with biotin and anti-CD147

 

22–58/mL

Easily release cells

Non-specific cells adhesion

 

/T18/XXY

 
      

/Microdeletion

 

Chitosan nano-substrate with

DTT

Capture: ~ 90%

Damage-free release;

Non-specific cells adhesion

FISH

—

[154]

NHS-(S–S)-Biotin and

 

Release: ~ 90%

High recovery

    

anti-CD147

 

Vitality: > 91.2%

     
  

7–26/mL

     

A "Cell Revealâ„¢" platform

In-situ

14–22/4 mL

Automated system;

High demanding;

FISH/STR

T21/T13/T18

[39]

   

Easy to operate;

Non-specific cells adhesion

NGS/aCGH

  
   

On-chip analysis

    

A coral-like in silico platform

In-situ

Capture: 88.1%

Automated system;

High demanding

FISH/STR

T21/T18

[173]

  

Release: 90%

High capture rate;

 

NGS/aCGH

/microdeletion

 
  

2–71/2 mL

Easy and low cost;

    
   

On-chip analysis

    

Dynamic Nano-substrates

SiO2 microbeads modified with

Magnets

42–93/mL

Easy and low cost;

Not easily release cells;

FISH/PCR

ABO blood grouping

[28]

SA and anti-CD147

  

High throughput

Low recovery rate

   

Size-scaled silica spheres with

MMP-9

Capture: 81%

Enlarged the size;

Microbeads easily cluster

FISH/PCR

—

[14]

gelatin coating and anti-CD147

 

Release: 80%

A harmless release;

    
  

Purity: 83%

High recovery

    
  

7–65/mL

     

SiO2@MnO2 microbeads with

Oxalic acid

Capture: ~ 80%

Easy and low cost;

Microbeads easily cluster;

FISH/STR

—

[38]

anti-CD147

 

6–32/mL

Biocompatible

Not easily release cells

   

Magnetic nanoparticle coated

Magnets

Capture: 90%

Against WBC adhesion;

Not easily release cells

FISH

T21/T18/XXX/

[170]

with a mixed membrane of

 

Release: > 80%

High capture;

  

XXY/XYY

 

leukocytes and erythrocytes

 

Vitality: > 80%

High purity

    
  

Purity:87%

     
  

10–30/mL

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