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Table 1 CEV-based therapeutic applications in periodontal regeneration

From: Roles of extracellular vesicles in periodontal homeostasis and their therapeutic potential

CEV origin

CEV cargos

Involved pathway

Administration methods

Functional effects

Refs

PDLSC

miR-590-3p

miR-590-3p/TLR4

Local injection

Inhibit macrophage pyroptosis

[113]

DPSC

miR-1246

NF-κB p65, p38 MAPK

Chitosan hydrogel

Promote anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype

[114]

TNF-α treated GMSC

CD73, miR-1260b

miR-1260b/Wnt5a/RANKL, JNK

Local injection

Promote macrophages toward M2 polarization, inhibit osteoclastogenesis

[116]

MSC

CD73

AKT, ERK

Collagen sponge

Promote PDL cell migration and proliferation

[118]

SCAP

Cdc42

–

Local injection

Promote angiogenesis

[119]

SHED

Wnt3a, BMP2

AMPK, Wnt/β-catenin, BMP/Smad

β-TCP, Local injection

Promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis, repress inflammatory cytokines expression

[110]

[120]

[121]

PDLSC

Wnt

–

β-TCP, Matrigel

Promote osteogenesis

[123]

LPS-Preconditioned DFC

Wnt3a, BMP2

RANKL/ OPG

Gelatin/laponite hydrogel

Promote PDLC proliferation, migration, and osteogenic differentiation, inhibit osteoclast formation

[127]