From: Nanomedicine for renal cell carcinoma: imaging, treatment and beyond
Treatment strategies | Therapeutic agent | Applied nanoparticles | Experimental model | Key findings | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Image-guided surgery | Activated excretion-retarded tumor imaging (AERTI) strategy | A near-infrared peptide probe (self-assembles into nanofibers) | 786-O cell line and tumor-bearing nude mice | Achieve an accurate identification of the tumor boundaries and detection of minimal tumors | |
Intratumoral injections of 99mTc-nanocolloid | 99mTc-nanocolloid | Clinical trial | Locate and sample the sentinel nodes at surgery | ||
Targeted drugs | Sorafenib-loaded poly acid and DPPC liposome nanoparticles | PLGA, DPPC liposome and HMC-coated DPPC liposomes | 786-O cell line | Optimize drug delivery and tumor cellular kill thereby improving the quality of Sorafenib-regimented therapy | [92] |
Liposomes encapsulating a multi-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor | Liposomes | 769-P, ACHN, A498 and Caki-1cell lines and xenograft model | Improve intratumoral concentration, enhance antitumor efficacy and reduce toxicities | [93] | |
Focused ultrasound-triggered release of tyrosine kinase inhibitor from thermosensitive liposomes | Thermosensitive liposomes | 786-O cell line | Enhance drug delivery and cancer treatment by this combination | [94] | |
Sorafenib combined with tumor hypoxia directed nanoparticles | Versatile tumor hypoxia directed nanoplatform | Human RCC A498 cells and its tumor model | Reverse drug-resistance and re-educe tumor-associated macrophages | [95] | |
PEG-EGCG used as such a carrier forming Sunitinib-loaded micellar nanocomplex (SU-MNC) | Micellar nanocomplex | ACHN and A498 HRCC-xenograft models | The carrier-drug synergies with the high-performance carrier and tumor-targeted delivery | [96] | |
Chemotherapy | Liposomes encapsulating doxorubicin | Liposomes | OS-RC-2 cells and RCC xenograft mice model | Treat drug resistant RCC via the disruption of tumor endothelial cells | |
A novel tumor-targeted liposomal formulation loaded with everolimus and vinorelbine | Liposomal formulation | 786-O, A498 cell lines and its xenograft model | Inhibit tumor growth and lung metastasis | [20] | |
An oxygen nanocarrier combined with decitabine | Oxygen nanocarrier based on hemoglobin (H-NPs) | 786-O, 769-P, Caki-1-1, ACHN, RCC4 cell lines, nu mice and human renal normal tumor samples | Alleviate resistance to oxaliplatin and decitabine in RCC cells under hypoxia | [102] | |
Recognition-reaction-aggregation cascaded strategy and doxorubicin | Self-assembled superstructure (nanoparticles) on the cancer cell membrane | SK-RC-52 cell line and its tumor-bearing mice | Significantly inhibits the tumor growth | [19] | |
Radiotherapy | X-ray radiation and black phosphorus quantum dots | Black phosphorus quantum dots | 786-O, A498 cell lines and tumor-bearing mice | Enhance ionizing radiation-induced apoptotic cell death of RCC cells | [104] |
Native medicine | Plitidepsin | Polymer nanoparticles | MRI-H-121 cell tumor bearing mice | Present lower liver and kidney accumulation; reduce the growth rate of tumors | [105] |
Chlorogenic acid (CGA) | Chitosan nanoparticles (nano-sized colloidal delivery vector) | 786-O cell line | Enhance antioxidant properties, intracellular accumulation, and antiproliferative activity | [106] | |
Lupeol (Lup) | Polycaprolactone/Gelatin nanofibers | ACHN cell line | Enhance cytotoxicity activity by effective diffusion and elution to the target achieved | [107] | |
Curcuma wenyujin | Gold nanoparticles | A498 and SW-156 cell lines | Activate proapoptotic proteins, inhibit antiapoptotic, thereby induce apoptosis | [108] | |
Oudemansiella raphanipies polysaccharide | Selenium nanoparticles | 786-O cell line | Cellular damage induced by ROS imbalance and mitochondria-mediated pathways | [109] | |
Silibinin | Magnetic-core-based nanopolymeric carriers | A-498 cell line | Act as a potential carrier for targeted transportation of actives in cancer therapy | [110] | |
Photothermal therapy | Local heat under NIR irradiation | TiO2@red phosphorus nanorods (TiO2@RP NRs) | OS-RC-2, 786-O cells and tumor-bearing mice | Kill RCC cells by producing local heat and ROS | [112] |
The phase transition temperature and endoplasmic reticulum stress | tLyP-1/PR-619/Fe3O4@PCM (tPF@PCM) | 786-O cell line and mouse xenograft model | Exacerbate endoplasmic reticulum stress, induce apoptosis and the favorable synergistic antitumor efficacy | [113] | |
Local hyperthermia; lonidamine | Mesoporous silica nanoparticles | 786-O cell line and RCC tumor-bearing mice | Enhance antiproliferative and tumor suppressing abilities | [114] | |
Hyperthermic temperature | Gold nanorods | Caki-2 cell line | Dual capabilities as photothermal agents and autofluorescence enhancer to track cell death | [115] | |
Laser thermal ablation; sorafenib | Gold nanorod encapsulated albumin | 786-O cell line and mouse xenograft model | Significant synergistic tumor necrosis greater than each individual arm alone | ||
Gene therapy | pVHL complexes | Polyethyleneimine-derived nanoparticles | OS-RC-2 cell line and mouse xenograft model | Have increased transfection efficiency and obviously lower toxicities | [121] |
VEGFR (fms-like tyrosine kinase-1: sFlt-1) | Neutral lipid envelope-type nanoparticle | OS-RC-2-bearing mice | Promising gene carrier for targeting tumors for curing RCC | [122] | |
AIM2 gene | H1/pAIM2 nanoparticles | 786‐O and OS-RC‐2 cell lines; xenograft model | Inhibit malignancies of renal cancer through enhancing the inflammasome pathway | [123] | |
Simultaneously inject Sorafenib and PH1/pHGFK1 | PH1/pHGFK1 nanoparticles | Ketr-3, 786-O, and ACHN cell lines and tumor-bearing nude mice | Enhance anti-tumor activities of sorafenib and reverse its drug resistance evolution | [124] | |
LNP formulation of siRNAs targeting VEGF and kinesin spindle proteins (ALN-VSP) | Lipid nanoparticles | Clinical trial | Experienced 12–18 months of tumor stabilization | [125] | |
siRNAs | Multifunctional envelope-type nanodevice (MEND) | OS-RC‐2 cell line; mouse xenograft model | Deliver siRNA to a target cell in tumor tissue through an improved siRNA bioavailability | ||
siVEGF | Nanogel complex | RCC cell lines; xenograft model | Result in efficient knockdown of VEGF | ||
siLim1 | Polydiacetylenic nanofibers (PDA-NFs) | 786-O cell line and mouse xenograft model | Efficiently silence the oncogene Lim-1; an innovative system for delivery of siRNAs | [131] | |
siRNA | Purified glycogen polycationic derivatives (PGPD) | Renal cancer cells | The delivery of nucleic acids | [132] | |
miRNA-143 | Polyion complex (PIC)-loaded miRNA-143#12 | Caki-1 cell line and mouse xenograft model | Induce a marked growth inhibition by impairing K-RAS-signaling networks | [133] | |
Tumor vaccine | H1-pAIM2/pCAIX vaccine; H1-pHMGB1/pB7H3 vaccine | H1 nanoparticles | HEK293T cell line and mouse xenograft model | Enhance tumor-specific multi-functional CD8 + T-cell responses | |
CS-pL-Myc/pCAIX vaccine | Chitosan nanoparticles | HEK293T cell line and mouse xenograft model | Induce multi-functional CD8 + T cell responses and inhibit lung metastasis | [137] | |
Short peptide particles | Liposomes | RENCA cells and mouse xenograft model | A viable therapeutic approach via multivalent particle immunization | [139] |