Fig. 3

Cell experiment. a CLSM images of the internalization of THGP or HGP labeled with Dil in MDA-MB-231 cells after respective incubation at various time points (1, 2, 3 and 4 h). b Corresponding FCM analysis. c CLSM images of the internalization of THGP labeled with Dil into HUVECs at various time points (1, 2, 3 and 4 h). d 3D-CLSM images of THGP or HGP labeled with Dil permeability into MDA-MB-231 cells and the corresponding depth display (0, 12, 24 and 48 μm) (the fluorescence distribution and intensity from the edge to the center of the 3D tumor sphere at a depth of 24 μm). e CLSM images of MDA-MB-231 cells after various treatments and subsequently stained with the ROS fluorescence probe DCFH-DA. f WB analysis of HIF-1α and ACTIN expression after various treatments (PBS, LIFU, THGP and THGP + LIFU). g Relative viabilities of the MDA-MB-231 cells in the TGP + LIFU, THP + LIFU and THGP + LIFU groups in normoxic/hypoxic environments (n = 3). h Relative viability of the cells in the THGP + LIFU group with various nanoplatform concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg mL⁻¹) (n = 3). i CLSM images of MDA-MB-231 cells stained with PI (red, dead cells) and calcein-AM (green, live cells) after different treatments. j Data of an apoptosis assay performed by FCM