Table 1 Nanovehicles can cross the BBB, making them an ideal medication delivery system

Inorganic materials

Gold NPs

–

–

3.5 ± 0.8

11-mercapto-1-undecanesulfate-coated

Protein corona NPs' evolution across the BBB

[59]

Gold Nanostars

Ruthenium (II) complex

Electrostatic bonding

105

Pen peptide to enhance cellular internalization

preventing development of Ab fibrils

[60]

CMC-coated Fe₃O₄ NPs

Dopamine hydrochloride

Covalent bond

14.05 ± 1.70

–

An agent for MRI and targeted drug delivery

[61]

Ag NPs, TiO₂

NPs, Ag⁺

–

–

Ag NPs 8 nm; TiO₂ NPs 6 nm & 35 nm

Testing the permeability of the BBB in vitro

Ag NPs utilized ROS-induced cell death; exposure to Ag⁺ and TiO₂ NPs damaged BBB via cytokine production. Testing BBB permeability in vitro

[62]

Si NPs

Ruby dye

–

25, 50, 100

Evolution of Si NPs across the BBB

Graft from Lactoferrin

[63]

MSNs

Resveratrol

Covalent bond

200

LDLR ligand peptide-functionalized CNS oxidative stress treatment

[64]

Polymers materials

Polymersome

Saporin Covalent bond

Saporin Covalent bond

76

Protein toxin delivery

Bonding ANG Protein toxin delivery

[65]

Den-RGD

Cy5.5 Covalent bond

Cy5.5 Covalent bond

10

Photoacoustic shockwave therapy for the treatment of glioblastoma, in which CGS is used to stimulate the A2A adenosine receptor

Using CGS to activate the A₂A adenosine receptor

[66]

PLGA

3, 30—Diindolylmethane Encapsulation

3,30—Diindolylmethane Encapsulation

28–98

Creating the SSTR2 peptide Preventing glioma progression

[67]

PEG–PLGA

NPs

Paclitaxel Encapsulation

Paclitaxel Encapsulation

111.30 ± 15.64

Glioma therapy utilizing penetrating peptide (tLyp-1 peptide) as a coating

Decorating with penetrating peptide (tLyp-1 peptide)

[68]

Liposomes

Doxorubicin Ammonium sulfate gradient loading method

Doxorubicin Ammonium sulfate gradient loading method

100 to 125

Chemotherapeutics for glioma therapy

Decorating with six peptides

[69]

Amphiphilic Polymer-lipid NPs

Docetaxel Hydrophobic interaction

Docetaxel Hydrophobic interaction

100.1 ± 2.6

Treatment of brain metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer

Loading with PS 80

[70]

Biomimetic materials

VLPs

Ziconotide, an analgesic peptide that is produced by venomous marine snails, assembles itself

Venomous marine snail analgesic peptide ziconotide Self-assembly

54

Creating peptide therapies for use in the CNS

HIV-Tat peptide

[71]

Lactoferrin NPs

HIV-Tat peptide Developing peptide therapeutics in the CNS

HIV-Tat peptide Developing peptide therapeutics in the CNS

70 ± 10

Treatment of cancerous Gliomas with the use of lactoferrin as a matrix

Using lactoferrin as a matrix

[72]

Glucan NPs

Temozolomide or doxorubicin

Covalent bond

74.1 ± 3.8

gut-to-brain oral drug delivery for gliomas

Microphage-hitchhiked prodrug

[73]