Fig. 3

UTMD combined with NDs initiate the ICD. A CRT expression of Hepa1-6 cell surfaces post-treatments. The green and blue color represented CRT and cell nuclei, respectively. Scale bar: 50 μm. B CRT expression level on the Hepa1-6 cell membranes after various treatments. C Quantitative analysis of CRT expression level from B using Image J. D HMGB1 expression of Hepa1-6 cells after different treatments. HMGB1 appeared green fluorescence, and cell nuclei stained by DAPI was blue. Scale bar: 50 μm. E Semiquantitative analysis of HMGB1 from D using Image J. F Extracellular ATP release from Hepa1-6 cells after various treatments. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01)