Fig. 3

Exosomes combined with hydrogel promoted tendon-bone healing. a Schematic diagram of the isolation of exosomes. Reproduced with permission [105]. b Schematic representation of photopatterning of GelMA using a pre-patterned photomask. Stacked layers of patterned GelMA hydrogels fabricated using a micro-mirror projection stereolithography system. Schematic representation of a fiber-assisted micromolding technique for the production of parallel microgrooved surfaces that serve as a template for micropatterning GelMA. Reproduced with permission [106]. c Profile of ADSC-Exos released from the GelMA. Reproduced with permission [12]. d Release in vitro and retention in vivo of the BMSCs-exos embedded in fibrin-exo. The black arrow indicates the patellar window defect; The white arrow indicates the implanted fibrin-exo/fibrin-vesicle. Reproduced with permission [97]. e BMSC-Exos combined with hydrogel promoted fibrocartilage regeneration and enhanced the biomechanical properties in tendon-bone healing (H&E, safranin O-fast green, DAPI, and collagen type II staining). Reproduced with permission [105]