Therapeutic potential and mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as bioactive materials in tendon–bone healing

Table 1 Comparison of different exosome isolation methods

Exosome-based features	Isolation techniques	Equipment requirements	Time	Specificity	Pros and cons	Refs.
Density	Ultracentrifugation	Normal	Long	Yes/no	Standard gold method, low cost but the potential damage to exosomes	[76, 79, 83]
Size	Size-exclusion chromatography	High	Short	No	High concentration but low sample utilization	[77, 83]
Surface proteins	Polymer precipitation	Low	Short	No	High concentration but low purity and low sample utilization	[76, 78]
	Immunoaffinity capture	Low	Short	Yes	High concentration but low purity	[75, 79, 83]
	Microfluidics isolation	High	Short	Yes	High purity but expensive	[74, 83]

ISSN: 1477-3155