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Fig. 5 | Journal of Nanobiotechnology

Fig. 5

From: Novel plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles from Catharanthus roseus: preparation, characterization, and immunostimulatory effect via TNF-α/NF-κB/PU.1 axis

Fig. 5

Immunostimulatory effects of CLDENs in vitro. A CLDENs promoted the secretion of cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 from RAW264.7 cells, while it had no significant promotion effect on the secretion of IL-1β and IL-10. B CLDENs promoted nitric oxide release from RAW264.7 cells. C CLDENs increased the expression level of nitric oxide synthase in RAW264.7 cells. D, E Effect of CLDENs on the ability of RAW264.7 cells to phagocytose FITC-Dextran. Data were shown in mean fluorescence intensity (D) and histogram (E). F, G CLDENs enhanced RAW macrophage surface antigen CD86 and MHC II expression but had no discernible impact on CD206 expression. Data were shown in mean fluorescence intensity (G) and histogram (F). H CLDENs increased the mRNA transcription levels of M1-type related genes in RAW264.7 cells. I CLDENs reduced the mRNA transcription levels of M2-type related genes in RAW264.7 cells. J CLDENs activated the transduction of the NF-κB signaling pathway. K CLDENs up-regulated the expression level of PU.1 protein in RAW264.7 cells. L CLDENs up-regulated the mRNA transcript level of PU.1 gene in RAW264.7 cells. M Effect of CLDENs on the cell viability of primary spleen lymphocytes. N CLDENs promoted the secretion of IL-2 from primary splenic lymphocytes. Data were mean ± SD, n = 3; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001 vs. Control

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