Fig. 2

The antibacterial effect of PL-CDs incubated with L. rhamnosus for 24 and 48 h. a, b Photographs of L. rhamnosus incubated with PL-CDs at different concentrations and the quantified bacterial inhibition rate. c, d Growth curves of L. rhamnosus and pH changes of solution induced by PL-CDs at different concentrations during 24 h. ^ap < 0.05 (400 μg/mL vs. Control); ^bp < 0.05 (200 μg/mL vs. Control); ^cp < 0.05 (100 μg/mL vs. Control); ^dp < 0.05 (50 μg/mL vs. Control)