Fig. 4

Effects of PL-CDs on morphology and internal structure of L. rhamnosus. a, b SEM images of L. rhamnosus incubated with PL-CDs at different concentrations for 24 h, and the quantified probiotic elongation (n = 50). c TEM images of L. rhamnosus incubated with PL-CDs (400 μg/mL) for 24 h. Blue and purple arrows represent the cell wall and cell membrane of L. rhamnosus, respectively; Green wireframe represents the cytoplasmic distribution