Application of quantum dot nanoparticles for potential non-invasive bio-imaging of mammalian spermatozoa

Table 1 Effect of BRET-QD and sperm ratio on sperm motility

Groups	N	Motility¹(%)	Rapid²(%)	VAP (μm/sec)	VCL (μm/sec)	VSL (μm/sec)
Control^*	5	87 ± 6^a	74 ± 5	94 ± 11	202 ± 23^a	56 ± 9
0.1 x 10⁸	3	36 ± 6^b	23 ± 13	40 ± 5	86 ± 15^b	21 ± 5
0.5 x 10⁸	4	63 ± 17^ab	46 ± 15	65 ± 19	143 ± 36^ab	39 ± 12
1 x 10⁸	4	81 ± 8^a	68 ± 11	90 ± 9	194 ± 17^a	51 ± 7
2 x 10⁸	3	89 ± 5^a	63 ± 22	94 ± 17	198 ± 36^a	52 ± 8
P values (ANOVA 2)		0.017	0.094	0.069	0.053	0.116

^*Spermatozoa incubated without BRET-QD (1 nM). N = number of independent replicates; ¹Total motility of spermatozoa; ²Proportion of sperm moving at a speed ≥ 30 μm/sec. Velocity data correspond to the average path (VAP), curvilinear (VCL), and straight-line (VSL). Data are mean ± s.e.m. and superscripts (^a,b) indicate significant differences within the same column.

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