Fig. 4

Variations of N2a cell membrane roughness induced by a hypertonic solution (75 mM sucrose in the culture medium). a The bright field images and topography of N2a cell membranes measured by NIWOP. Data was recorded at different time points after the treatment. In each frame, the region marked by the white square in the bright field image is displayed in the membrane topography. b Temporal variation of membrane roughness. Data are obtained from three independent experiments. Error bar, standard deviation