Fig. 8

Flow cytometry results showing the effect of AgNPs and Ag⁺ on oxidative stress and apoptosis in mESCs. a Representative dot plots showing intensities of yellow fluorescence from MitoSox Red staining (oxidative stress) vs. red2 fluorescence from Annexin V binding (apoptosis) in control cells (Ctrl), and cells treated with Ag⁺ or AgNPs. b Representative histogram graphs showing fluorescence intensity distribution of yellow fluorescence from MitoSox Red staining (oxidative stress, left) and red2 fluorescence from Annexin V binding (apoptosis, right) in control cells (Ctrl), and cells treated with Ag⁺ or AgNPs. c Bar graphs showing the percentage of cells positive for MitoSox Red staining and Annexin V binding (gated cells in R3 and R4 of B, respectively; left), and mean relative fluorescence intensity (RFI; right) in total cell population of control cells (Ctrl), and cells treated with Ag⁺, AgNPs, or 1 µM staurosporine (STS). Values are expressed as percentage of the control and are mean ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05