Fig. 6
From: Uptake of label-free graphene oxide by Caco-2 cells is dependent on the cell differentiation status
Schematic illustration of the differentiation of intestinal cells. a In vivo architecture and organization of the intestinal epithelium (small intestine) based on information given in Refs. [75,76,77]. At least cells of seven lineages (enterocytes, mucus-secreting goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells, tuft cells, M-cells, and cup cells) originate from the intestinal stem cells near the crypt base. Enterocytes differentiate during migration from the crypt to the villus tip. b Caco-2 cells undergo intense morphological and physiological changes during differentiation. c In vitro Transwell® model applied for Caco-2 cell differentiation: diffusion chamber system composed of an apical and basolateral compartment separated by a porous membrane support. Caco-2 cells are grown on the apical side. PCM polycarbonate (PC) membrane