Fig. 2

A Schematic illustration of the activation of antioxidant enzymes in plants to scavenge excessive ROS production induced by γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs. B–E MDA content, activity of SOD, CAT and POD in roots and shoots of C. maxima plants treated with different concentrations of γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs and Fe³⁺, respectively. Data are shown as mean ± SD of three replicates. Values of MDA content and antioxidant enzyme activities followed by different lowercase and uppercase letters, respectively, are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05