Fig. 4

A Schematic diagram of the interactions between NPs and cuticular waxes in leaves, and genes involved in wax synthesis and secretion in this study (PM: plasma membrane). B–D represent wax content, relative expression of WIN1 and ABCG12 genes of C. maxima leaves treated with different concentrations of γ-Fe₂O₃ NPs and Fe³⁺, respectively. Data are shown as mean ± SD of three replicates. Values of wax content and relative expression of each gene followed by different lowercase letters are significantly different at p ≤ 0.05